ACCESS TO DESTINATION: DEVELOPMENT OF ACCESSIBILITY MEASURES

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ACCESS TO DESTINATIONDEVELOPMENT OF
ACCESSIBILITY MEASURES

• Ahmed M. El-Geneidy
• David M. Levinson
• University of Minnesota

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Access to Destinations

• How is the transportation system changing in the
  Twin Cities region and what can be done about it?

3
Project Goal

• Develop a methodology for measuring accessibility
  in the Twin Cities region
• Task 1 Conduct literature review
• Task 2 Define performance measures for
  accessibility
• Task 3 Illustrate range of performance measures
  for proof of concept
• Task 4 Prepare the final report

4
Meaning of Accessibility

• Individual
• Public Agencies (Mn/DOT)

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Meaning of Accessibility
1995
Jobs Schools Parks Shopping
Automobile
Transit
Bicycling
Walking
2000
Jobs Schools Parks Shopping
Automobile
Transit
Bicycling
Walking
2005
Jobs Schools Parks Shopping
Automobile
Transit
Bicycling
Walking
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Measures of Accessibility

• Cumulative Opportunity Measure
• Gravity-based Measure
• Place Rank Measure

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Data Sources
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Cumulative Opportunity 10 Min (Jobs)
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Cumulative Opportunity 20 Min (Jobs)
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Cumulative Opportunity 30 Min (Jobs)
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Cumulative Opportunity 40 Min (Jobs)
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Cumulative Opportunity 50 Min (Jobs)
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Cumulative Opportunity 60 Min (Jobs)
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Cumulative Opportunity 10 Min (Retail Jobs)
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Cumulative Opportunity 10 Min (Non-Retail Jobs)
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Gravity-based Measure
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Gravity-based Measure
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Place Rank
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Gravity-Based
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Place Rank (color) Gravity-based (height)
Accessibility Measures
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Comparative Analysis
Place Rank for resident workers Place Rank for jobs
Place rank for resident workers 1.000 0.752
Place rank for jobs 0.752 1.000
Gravity-based measure for jobs 0.431 0.572
Gravity-based for resident workers 0.425 0.415
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Effects of Accessibility

• Individual
• Home sale value
• Public Agencies (Mn/DOT)
• Accessibility over time versus congestion

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Accessibility and Home Sale Price
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Accessibility and Home Sale Price
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Accessibility Over Time
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Accessibility Over Time
Cumulative Opportunity to jobs Cumulative Opportunity to jobs Cumulative Opportunity to jobs Cumulative Opportunity to residents Cumulative Opportunity to residents Cumulative Opportunity to residents
30 Min 45 Min 60 Min 30 Min 45 Min 60 Min
Mid Point 139,739 292,954 351,715 225,703 468,155 524,716
t Stat 4.456 18.690 118.612 4.701 18.371 180.762
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Accessibility to Jobs (Auto 1990)
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Accessibility to Jobs (Auto 2000)
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Accessibility to Jobs (Transit 1990)
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Accessibility to Jobs (Transit 2000)
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Accessibility Jobs Over Time (Auto 2000-1990)
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Accessibility Residents Over Time (Auto
2000-1990)
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Accessibility versus Congestion

• Delay per passenger during AM peak
• 19 hours (1990)
• 43 hours (2000)
• Accessibility to residents from downtown
  Minneapolis
• 1,870,534 (1990)
• 2,207,639 (2000)

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Conclusion

• Accessibility Measures
• Cumulative Opportunity
• Gravity-Based
• Place Rank
• Effects of Accessibility
• Accessibility Over Time

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Thank You
ACCESS TO DESTINATIONDEVELOPMENT OF
ACCESSIBILITY MEASURES
Ahmed M. El-Geneidy David M. Levinson University
of Minnesota
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Development of Accessibility Measures

• Ahmed M. El-Geneidy
• David M. Levinson
• University of Minnesota
• TAP Meeting 7/12/2005

NEXUS
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Access to Destinations

• How is the transportation system changing in the
  Twin Cities region and what can be done about it?

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Access to Destinations

• To improve understanding of travel on the current
  transportation infrastructure
• To develop measures of accessibility using travel
  and land use data, showing how accessibility has
  changed from 1990 to 2000
• Using these new tools and information, to assess
  how our existing transportation and land use
  system meets alternative policy goals

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Project Goal

• Develop a methodology for measuring accessibility
  in the Twin Cities region
• Task 1 Conduct literature review
• Task 2 Define performance measures for
  accessibility
• Task 3 Illustrate range of performance measures
  for proof of concept

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Accessibility Measures

• Cumulative Opportunity Measure
• Gravity-based Measure
• Place Rank Measure

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Case Study

• Measuring Accessibility to Jobs
• Measuring Accessibility to Resident Workers

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Data

• Travel time information
• Number of resident workers
• Number of jobs
• Origin and destination matrix

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Data Sources
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Cumulative Opportunity Measure

• Counts the number of opportunities within a given
  travel time
• 10, 15, 20, 30, 40, 45, 50 60 minutes of travel
  time from origins

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Cumulative Opportunity 10 Min (Jobs)
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Cumulative Opportunity 20 Min (Jobs)
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Cumulative Opportunity 30 Min (Jobs)
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Gravity-based Measure

• Opportunities (number of jobs)
• Impedance (travel time, distance, or cost)

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Gravity-based Measure (Jobs)
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Gravity-based Measure (Workers)
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Cumulative Opportunity 10 Min (Jobs)
NEXUS
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Gravity-based (Jobs)
NEXUS
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Gravity-based (height) and Cumulative opportunity
(color) combined (Jobs)
NEXUS
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Place Rank Example
Number of Resident Workers in Each Zone
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Place Rank Example
Number of Jobs in Each Zone
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Place Rank Example
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Place Rank Example (Original Data)
A B C D
A 200 100 300 100
B 100 100 300 0
C 0 0 600 200
D 200 0 400 500
Total Workers by Origin 500 200 1600 800
Total Jobs by Destination 700 500 800 1100
Power of a single link (Pi1) 1.4 2.5 0.5 1.375
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Place Rank Example (First Iteration)
A B C D
A 280 250 150 137.5
B 140 250 150 0
C 0 0 300 275
D 280 0 200 687.5
Total Workers by Origin 500 200 1600 800
Total Jobs by Destination 817.5 540 575 1167.5
Power of a single link (Pi1) 1.63 2.7 0.36 1.45
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Place Rank Example
Zone Place rank
A 848
B 524
C 493
D 1233
Stability reached after 19 iterations
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Place Rank (Jobs)
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Gravity-based (Jobs)
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Place Rank (Jobs)
NEXUS
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Gravity-based (Jobs)
NEXUS
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Gravity-based (Height) and Place rank (Color)
NEXUS
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Correlation Matrix
Place Rank for resident workers Place Rank for jobs
Place rank for resident workers 1.000 0.752
Place rank for jobs 0.752 1.000
Gravity-based measure for jobs 0.431 0.572
Gravity-based for resident workers 0.425 0.415
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Correlation
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Conclusion

• Comparing Gravity-based to Cumulative Opportunity
• Comparing Gravity-based to Place Rank
• Advantages of Place Rank

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Future Research

• Refine Place Rank measure
• Apply the Place Rank to a different level of
  analysis

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Development of Accessibility Measures

• Ahmed M. El-Geneidy
• David M. Levinson
• University of Minnesota

NEXUS
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