Title: Sustainable Tourism Development: Is Achieving Balance an Impossible Dream?
1Sustainable Tourism Development Is Achieving
Balance an Impossible Dream?
- Dr. Steve Burr
- Director, Institute for Outdoor Recreation and
Tourism - College of Natural Resources
- Utah State University
- Presentation for REDTT Annual Meeting 2000
- Socorro, New Mexico
- October 17, 2000
2Utah State Universitys Institute for
Outdoor
Recreation and Tourism
- In 1998, Utah State Legislature approved
Senate Bill 35. - To provide continuing funding to Utah
State University... - To establish and support an interdisciplinary
program of research, extension, and teaching...
3A Better Understanding...
- To better understand the
relationships between - outdoor recreation and tourism
- natural resources management
- community economic vitality
- quality of life issues
for the citizens of Utah.
4The Mission of the Institute
- The Institute for Outdoor Recreation and Tourism
(IORT) conducts a program of research, extension,
and teaching for the benefit of the people of
Utah, our country, and the world, directed at
improving our understanding of the relationships
between outdoor recreation and tourism, natural
resources management, community economic
vitality, and quality of life.
5Sustainable Tourism Development Is Achieving
Balance an Impossible Dream?
- Tourism
- Economic Impact
- As a Development Industry
- Sustainability
and Sustainable Development - Ideal and Reality
- Goal or Process?
6Sustainable Tourism Development Is Achieving
Balance an Impossible Dream?
- Sustainable Tourism Development
- Criteria
- Tenets
- Operationalizing
- Problems and Obstacles
- Best Chances for Success
7Tourism...the worlds biggest industry?
- Tourism accounts for 10 of global gross domestic
product. - Estimated that tourism employs up to 10 of the
worlds workforce. (World Tourism
Organization, 1999)
8Utah Tourism at a Glance--1999
- Tourism is among Utahs Top 5
economic activities.
(manufacturing, trade, services, government) - 4.2 billion in traveler spending for
Utahs economy - Over 7 of Utahs Gross State Product
9Utah Tourism at a Glance--1999
- 336 million generated in
state and local taxes - 158 per Utah resident generated by
out-of-state tourists - These taxes help pay for services and
infrastructure that residents enjoy.
10Utah Tourism at a Glance--1999
- 119,500 total jobs in travel and
tourism related industries - 67,000 direct jobs
- 52,500 indirect and induced jobs
- 11.4 of total non-agricultural employment
11True for New Mexico too!
- Tourism is one of the most successful industries
in the state, generating more than 3 billion in
revenues each year and creating more than 50,000
jobs statewide. - From Impact--Making a Difference,
Rural Economic Development Through Tourism
November 1999
12Tourism as a Development Industry
- Tourism relies on the development and utilization
of natural, historical, cultural, and human
resources in the local environment as tourist
attractions and destinations. - Creates recreational uses for natural and
human-made amenity resources and converts
these into income producing assets. (Siehl 1990
Willits 1992) -
13Tourism DevelopmentEconomic Benefits versus
Potential Costs
- Economic Benefits, but
Potential Costs to the
Environment and Local Society - Potentially Exploitive Tendency
- Being Approached with a
Sense of Caution
14Tourism DevelopmentEconomic Benefits versus
Potential Costs
- Ill-conceived and poorly planned tourism
development can erode the very qualities of the
natural and human environments that attract
visitors in the first place.
(Inskeep, 1991)
15Sustainability and Sustainable Development
- Concept of sustainability recently associated
with tourism development initiatives and efforts.
(French, 1992 Long Nuckolls, 1992) - Development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future
generations to meet their own needs.
(World Commission on Environment and
Development, 1987)
16Sustainable Development
- All development paths that are either
environmentally benign or beneficial. - Tied to sustainable use-- careful and
sensitive economic development is possible
without degrading or depleting natural resources
needed by present and future generations.
17Sustainable Development
- Meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations
to meet their own needs. - Promotes intergenerational responsibility.
18Sustainable Tourism Development
- Involves management of all resources in such a
way that economic, social, and aesthetic needs
are fulfilled while maintaining cultural
integrity, essential ecological processes,
biological diversity, and life support systems.
(Inskeep, 1991)
19Sustainable Tourism Development
- Remains viable over an indefinite period and
does not degrade nor alter the environment (human
and physical) in which it exists to such a degree
that it prohibits the successful development and
well-being of other activities and processes.
(Butler, 1993)
20Sustainable Tourism Development
- Should follow ethical principles that respect
the culture and environment of the host area, the
economy and traditional way of life, the
indigenous behavior, and the local leadership and
political patterns. (Cronin, 1990)
21Sustainable Tourism Development
- Interest in protecting, using carefully and
benefiting the human and cultural, as well as the
natural heritage of an area, implying active
participation and leadership by local people,
organizations, and government. (Inskeep, 1991)
22Can Tourism Development Really Be Sustainable?
Policy Endorsement
Policy Implementation
(the Ideal)
(the Reality)
23Is it possible to prove sustainability?
- Difficult to prove sustainability
- Easier to prove unsustainability
24SustainabilityAn Ideal Balance of Capacities
in Three Systems
Economic
Environmental
Socio-Cultural
25SustainabilityAn Ideal Balance of Capacities
in Three Systems
- Maximize Goal Achievement across the three
systems at one and the same time through an
Adaptive Process of Trade-Offs. - The more the three systems and goals converge,
the more sustainable development becomes.
26The Reality
Environmental
Economic
Socio-Cultural
Political-Legal System
27The Reality
Economic
Environmental
Socio-Cultural
Political-Legal System
28The Reality
Environmental
Economic
Socio-Cultural
Political-Legal System
29The Reality
- Not possible to maximize all goals at the same
time through an adaptive process of trade-offs. - Conflict may exist between and among inter- and
intra-system goals.
30The Reality
- As a result of values, choices are made as to
which goals are more valuable and which should
receive higher priority. - As a result, different development strategies
assign different priorities to the systems and
their goals.
31The Reality
- Process of trade-offs among goals must be
adaptive since relative priorities assigned to
various goals change over time. - Interactions among the different system goals
change as the scale of the systems is extended
from local to regional to national and to global.
32Sustainable Development
- Concept of sustainable development provokes
groups at different levels to set a wide spectrum
of goals and then to reconcile them. -
33Sustainable Development
- It is this reconciliation or trade-offs implicit
in sustainable development that has inspired much
useful work since the early 1980s amounting
to a new renaissance in thinking in social
welfare and development issues. (Holmberg
Sandbrook, 1992)
34Four Real Dilemmas or
Disagreements
- The world cannot go on making economic growth the
unquestionable objective of development policy. - Factors that make up sustainable development
differ from those involved in conventional
economic development.
35Four Real Dilemmas or
Disagreements
- How do we answer the question for whom is
development, and what is to be conserved by
making it sustainable? - Relationship between sustainable development and
democratic government.
36There is no shortcut to sustainability!
- Patterns of sustainable development must be built
from the bottom up, showing what can be achieved
at local levels and then working to disseminate
positive experiences.
(Holmberg Sandbrook, 1992)
37Sustainability Goal or Process?
- Most often viewed as a goal, an
end-point, a destination... - Instead, more of an ongoing process taking
more of a dynamic perspective - An on-going, adaptive learning process
38Sustainability Goal or Process?
- Transition to sustainability must involve
harnessing science and technology to provide
direction, examine alternative pathways, measure
success--or lack of it--along the way, and
produce information and incentives for changing
course. - (National Research Council, National Academies,
1999)
39Sustainable Development
- Today, most policy documents recognize and claim
adherence to the principle of sustainable
development indicating its evolution into
full-scale institutionalization. (Frazier, 1997)
40Sustainable Development
- Major problem with sustainable development is its
ambiguity and subsequent vulnerability to
interpretation and employment on ideological
grounds.
(Weaver Lawton, 1999) - Ideal of Policy Endorsement versus
Reality
of Policy Implementation
41Sustainable Tourism Development
- Increased emphasis is being placed on those
forms of tourism that are particularly sensitive
to promoting and retaining the integrity of
natural and socio-cultural environments.
(Swinnerton Hinch, 1994)
42Sustainable Tourism Development
- There must be a balance between a degree or
type of development that will bring economic and
other benefits to a community and the point at
which that development starts to feed on rather
than sustain the very elements at its basis.
(Cronin, 1990)
43Criteria for Sustainable Development
- Follow ethical principles
- Involve the local population
- Give the local population an
element of control - Be undertaken with equity in mind
44Tenets of Sustainable Tourism Development
- Low impact and small in scale
- Careful in progress
- Appropriate and sensitive to the local natural
and socio-cultural environment - Readily integrated into the existing social and
economic life of the community
45Operationalizing Sustainable Tourism Development
(STD)
- Define goals of STD for a destination.
- Establish appropriate planning and
management framework. - Select relevant indicators from a
candidate list of economic, environmental, and
socio-cultural criteria.
46Candidate Sustainable Tourism Indicators
- Environmental
- Destruction or alteration of natural habitat by
tourism construction - Amount of litter associated with tourism
activities - Resource consumption associated with tourism
47Candidate Sustainable Tourism Indicators
- Economic
- Revenues earned directly from tourism
- Proportion of destination employment associated
with tourism - Profitability of individual operations
48Candidate Sustainable Tourism Indicators
- Socio-Cultural
- Number of resident complaints against tourism
- Amount of crime directed against tourists and the
tourism industry - Number and condition of heritage structures
and sites - Integrity of the local culture
49Operationalizing Sustainable Tourism Development
(STD)
- Measure and monitor these indicators.
- Periodically analyze and assess indicator
performance. - Determine whether original goals are being
achieved. - Implement remedial action, if
necessary. (Weaver Lawton, 1999)
50Problems Encountered in All of These Steps
- Sustainable tourism development goals influenced
by ideological considerations--lack of common
ground often evident. - Assuming goal consensus, necessary to define
temporal, spatial, political, and inter-sectoral
parameters within which to assess sustainable
tourism.
51All Problematic!
- Long-term planning discouraged by short-term
budget allocations. - A narrow, politically-defined spatial planning
unit cannot take into account all the influences
and effects affecting sustainability of the
sector. - Tourism cannot be isolated from other resource
uses.
52For Sustainability Indicators...
- Potential number of indicators within any
particular destination is enormous. - Strategically difficult to monitor more than a
few. - No definitive guidelines available to inform
destinations as to which ones are most important.
53For Sustainability Indicators...
- Decision to include or exclude particular
indicators is ultimately a subjective exercise,
highly sensitive to context. - Little known about critical thresholds of
sustainability that apply to each criterion, how
they can be measured, and how often they should
be monitored.
54Spatial and Temporal Discontinuities Between
Cause and Effect
- Many of the impacts identified within a
destination and/or within a specific time period
actually have their causes in other areas or time
periods. - Events within destinations may have consequences
in other destinations and time periods.
55Many Obstacles to Achieving Sustainable Tourism
Development
- Is achieving STD even possible and/or
worthwhile? - If no effort is made at all, unsustainable
outcomes are virtually guaranteed. - Sustainability indicators are just that, an
indication, rather than an absolute confirmation,
of sustainability. - New information on sustainable practices in
tourism is continually being generated.
56Given All These Problems with STD...
- It is more appropriate to describe destinations
as being indicative of sustainable tourism
development than to state they are definitely
sustainable. - An accurate judgment as to sustainability is
still too difficult to make.
57Focus on Achieving Equity
and Balance
- Sustainable tourism development is
determined largely by what stakeholders want it
to be. - An informed, open participatory process for
decision-making - Creates empowerment and
involvement - Cooperative and collaborative action
58Best Chances for Success
- From professionals and volunteers working in
tourism development. - Following an approach that focuses on the tenets
of sustainable development in all development
efforts and initiatives. - Facilitates resident involvement, participation
in decision-making, and local control in
development.
59Best Chances for Success
- Cooperative interaction can create
- networks both within and outside the community
- roles for involved community members
- shared experiences
- opportunities for further community development
- contributions to the general quality of
life in a community
60Sustainable Tourism Development Is Achieving
Balance an Impossible Dream?
- Dr. Steve Burr
- Associate Professor of Recreation Resources
- Director, Institute for Outdoor Recreation and
Tourism - Extension Specialist in Outdoor Recreation and
Tourism - Institute for Outdoor Recreation and Tourism
- Utah State University
- 5220 Old Main Hill
- Logan, Utah 84322-5220
- Office (435) 797-7094
- FAX (435) 797-4040
- E-mail swburr_at_cc.usu.edu
- IORT Website under Interdisciplinary Programs
at www.cnr.usu.edu
61Sustainable Tourism Development
- Planned and managed for the protection of the
natural environment for future generations - Planned in an integrated manner with other
economic sectors and social systems - Assessed on an ongoing basis to evaluate impacts
and permit action to counter any negative effects
62Focus Achieving Equity and
Balance
- Involves mutual learning and adaptation among
all concerned parties in the context of shared
responsibility and equity. (Nelson, 1993)
63Primary Environmental Care(PEC)
- Local groups or communities organize themselves
with varying degrees of outside support to apply
their skills and knowledge for the care of their
natural resources and environment while
satisfying livelihood needs
64Primary Environmental Care(PEC)
- Three Goals
- Economic goal of meeting and satisfying basic
needs - Environmental goal of protection and optimal
utilization of the environment - Social goal of empowering groups and communities
65Primary Environmental Care(PEC)
- Success of PEC is dependent on local groups and
communities who can - Organize, participate, and influence development
priorities - Access natural, human, and financial resources
- Select and help develop productive and
environmentally sensitive technologies.
66Primary Environmental Care(PEC)
- Outside institutions must empower the local
community by way of political support and open
access to information, and take an adaptive and
flexible approach if resources are provided.