Smart Mobility Performance Measures

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Smart Mobility Performance Measures

• Jerry Walters
• Fehr Peers

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Smart Mobility Performance Objectives

• Multi-Modal Performance
• Speed Suitability
• Activity Connectedness
• Climate Change Considerations
• Land Use Efficiency
• Network Optimization
• Productivity over Convenience
• Equity

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1. Multi-Modal Metrics

• Consider all transportation system users,
  regardless of travel mode, with respect to

• Accidents and safety
• Travel time mobility
• Reliability
• Level of Service
• e.g. multi-modal LOS methods in 2010 Highway
  Capacity Manual from the Transportation Research
  Board.

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Multi-Modal LOS in 2010 HCM

• Auto stops/ mile, speed limit, median, turn
  lanes
• Transit wait time, ride time, loading, ped LOS
• Pedestrians ped density, sidewalks, buffers,
  street width, traffic level
• Cyclists lane width, traffic and truck count and
  speed, parking, pavement and stops

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Multi-Modal LOS Example
Alt. 2 reduces total traveler delay by 8 with no
increase in vehicle delay. Alt. 3 increases
vehicle delay by 8 but reduces delay for all
travelers 5.
Arup, Van Ness Ave BRT Alternatives Analysis, 2008
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2. Speed Suitability

• Change from conventional design speed based
  solely on facility type
• Determine context-suitable speed considering
  adjoining activities, land use and place type,
  multi-modal users
• Design facility to enforce suitable speed through
  physical design features and speed management
  techniques

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Speed SuitabilityImproves Safety for all Users
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Speed SuitabilityImproves Safety for all Users
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Objective-Based Speed Management
Suitable Speed
Travel Speed
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Speed Management and Carrying Capacity
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Speed Management and Carrying Capacity
28 increase in design speed
Abrupt speed drop
5 increase in capacity
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3. Activity Connectedness

• Location efficiency and stewardship
• Objectives-based planning of transportation
  system and the land use patterns it serves
• Account for the travel distances and modal
  connections among all activities to limit induced
  development and induced travel
• Reduce separations between
• workers and jobs
• shoppers and shopping
• families and schools
• residents and social, rec.

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Share of Income Spent on Housing and
Transportation
Source Center for Neighborhood Technology, 2006
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Transportation Growth Constraint 30 traffic
growth/ 10 cap. growth
5 thru
45 thru
15 thru
5 thru
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Blueprint Scenario Planning to Reduce VMT (20
40)
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Induced Travel

• Travel Efficiency vs VMT Generation
• Elasticity 20 to 50
• Key factors affecting induced travel
• Land availability and cost
• Congestion severity
• Congestion duration
• Degree of traffic diversion
• Degree of trip suppression

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4. Climate Change Considerations

• AB 32 and SB 375 coordination of RTPs with
  sustainable communities strategies
• Land use and transportation plans and
  environmental assessments to include CO2
  analyses.
• Quantify VMT and travel flow resulting from
  transportation proposal relative to regional
  targets

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D Factors Reduce VMT

• Density dwellings, jobs per acre
• Diversity mix of housing, jobs, retail
• Design connectivity, walkability
• Destinations regional accessibility
• Distance to Transit rail proximity
• Development Scale pop, jobs
• Demographics household size, income
• Demand Management pricing, incentives

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System Expansion?

• Address in Blueprints and RTP SCS
• Transportation improvements support SCS
• Address interregional travel
• Limit induced travel
• Types of per capita VMT
• Sustaining
• Manageable
• Productive
• Induced

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Daily VMT per Household
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Requires Land Use Efficiency and TDM Strategies,
Pricing
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Traffic Speed and Flow Stability affects CO2/ VMT
and MPG
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5. Land Use Efficiency

• Reduce the overall footprint of development and
  transportation facilities
• Minimize acres of sensitive land consumed by
  transportation project and associated development
• Transportation plan and accommodated land use
• Alternative corridor transportation modes
• Project alignment design

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Design Speed and Footprint

• Design roadway features to induce desired speed
  for safety, function and context

Rural Suburban Neighborhood Suburban Corridor Town/Village Center Urban Core
Regional Arterial 45-55 35-40 35-55 30-35 30-35
Community Arterial 35-55 30-35 35-50 25-30 25-30
AASHTO Green Book (2001), and ITE Context
Sensitive Solutions in Designing Major Urban
Thoroughfares for Walkable Communities (2006).
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Design Speed and Footprint

• narrower total roadway width
• tighter curvature
• narrower clear zones
• lower super-elevation
• smaller intersections, more frequent access
• smaller curb return radii
• smaller median offset

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Reduced Footprint and Costs for Construction and
Maintenance

• narrower total roadway width
• tighter curvature
• narrower clear zones
• lower super-elevation
• smaller intersections/ interchanges

Tighter Curvature 50 mph 70 mph
Horizontal Curvature 1000 feet 2500 feet
Vertical Curvature 1000 feet 3000 feet

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6. Network Optimization

• Management of the transportation network to
  accommodate greatest number of travelers with the
  minimal instability, benefits
• capital and operating/ maintenance cost
• cost of natural resources
• environmental impacts
• opportunity or land efficiency costs
• Considerations
• role of parallel and access-oriented facilities
  and services
• ITS, signal coordination, ramp metering,
  in-vehicle and roadside technology to reduce
  headways

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Network Management Strategies

• Congestion Mitigation
• Signal coordination
• Ramp metering
• Incident management
• Flow Smoothing
• Variable speed limit
• Intelligent speed adapt.
• Speed Management
• Improved enforcement
• Speed limiters
• Active accelerator pedal

CO2
20
60
Speed
Barth, Matthew ITS and the Environment, UCR, 2008
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7. Productivity over Convenience

• Reliable multi-modal transportation system for
  economic well-being, and interregional and
  interstate travel
• Instead of generic lost time due to congestion,
  assess productivity lost
• Differentiate sustaining travel and productive
  travel from induced travel
• Differentiate recreational trips from
  work-related and commerce

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8. Equity

• Plan-level and project-level
• Evaluate costs, benefits and impacts
  differentially by
• economic and ethnic group
• geographic area

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Performance Measures with Equity Dimensions

• Accident rates
• Speed suitability
• Modal mobility, consistency
• Activity connectedness
• Universal Accessibility (ADA)
• Emissions and noise impacts
• Land use efficiency
• LOS

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Plan-Level Equity Evaluation

• Compare minority and low income households to
  regional average for
• Jobs and schools within 30 minutes by transit
• Jobs and schools within 30 minutes by fastest
  mode
• Frequency of bus service within ¼ mile.
• Universal accessibility

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Typical Equity Analysis
2030 Trend 2030 SCS
Work/school trips within 30 min
Low income population 58 59
Non low income population 56 57
Minority population 58 58
Non minority population 55 56
Homes wi 1/2 mile of transit stop
Low income population 93 93
Non low income population 64 66
Minority population 80 81
Non minority population 61 62
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Project-Level Equity Metrics

• Compare minority and low income households to
  non-minority, mid/high income households for
• Displaced households.
• Households subjected to noise above threshold
• Households subjected to criteria pollutants above
  threshold
• Universal accessibility (ADA)

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Equity of Pricing Strategies

• Effects of pricing strategies on individual
  socio-economic groups
• Measure proportions of affected travelers within
  different income strata and ethnic populations
• Differentiate transit cost from driver cost
• Express cost as a percentage of income
• Report relative degrees of benefit and impact to
  each affected group

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Smart Mobility Performance Objectives

• Multi-Modal Performance
• Speed Suitability
• Activity Connectedness
• Climate Change Considerations
• Land Use Efficiency
• Network Optimization
• Productivity over Convenience
• Equity

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Smart Mobility Performance Measures (part 1)
Conventional Measure Smart Mobility Measure
Safety Accident Rates and Severity Modal Accident Rates, Severity
Safety Design Speed Speed Suitability
Mobility Highway Travel-Time Mobility Modal Travel-Time Mobility
Mobility Highway Travel-Time Consistency Modal Travel-Time Consistency
Mobility General Accessibility Activity Connectedness
Mobility ADA Accessibility Universal Accessibility (ADA)
Mobility Ped Bike Mode Share Ped Bike Mode Share
Mobility Transit Mode Share Transit Mode Share
Economy Time Lost to Congestion (VHD) Productivity Lost to Congestion
Economy Capacity, Volume/Capacity Network Optimization
Economy Return on Investment (ROI) ROI Nexus
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Smart Mobility Performance Measures (part 2)
Conventional Measure Smart Mobility Measure
Environmental Quality Vehicle Miles Traveled VMT per capita relative to AB32 Target
Environmental Quality Fuel Consumption Energy Consumption
Environmental Quality Emissions Emissions, including CO2
Environmental Quality Noise Impacts Noise Impacts
Environmental Quality Reductions in Ag, Wetlands Land Use Efficiency
Environmental Quality
Customer Satisfaction Level of Service Multi-Modal LOS
Customer Satisfaction Speed and Delay Multi-Modal Accessibility
Customer Satisfaction
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Afternoon Session on Performance Measures

• Review three case studies illustrating
  application of performance measures
• Small groups review of case studies, assess
  effectiveness of performance measures
• Report back to full group

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Case 1 RTP SCS

• Coordinate transportation (RTP) and land use
  planning (SCS) to achieve
• acceptable levels of travel accessibility
• regional economic vitality
• cost-effective infrastructure investments
• minimal environmental impacts, induced travel
• Conformity with AB32 and SB375

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Case 2 Context Sensitive Design

• Arterial creates barrier and economic
  disincentive through established community
• Goal to improve safety and convenience for
  travelers and affected community and sustain
  community value

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Case 3 Management of Freeway Corridor

• 50-mile transportation corridor exhibits
• traffic congestion
• lack of parallel roadway capacity
• transit facilities approaching ridership capacity
  
• incomplete HOV network
• gaps and barriers within the bicycle network

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Smart Mobility Performance Measures
Questions?