Day Six: Supporting Your Speech: Materials

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Day Six Supporting Your Speech Materials more

• by
• Yana Cornish
• Hamilton College

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Agenda

• Supporting Materials (Ch. 7)
• Types of supporting materials (Ch. 8)
• Activity

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Homework

• Read chapters 7 8
• Do suggested activity p. 165
• Select a video speech and provide its analysis.
• Perfect your introduction and conclusion
• Continue selecting supporting materials for your
  first speech
• Continue putting together biographical information

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Supporting Material

• Ideas, opinions, and information that help to
  explain a presentations main idea and purpose.
• The best presenters use a mix of many different
  kinds of supporting material

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What Materials to Use?

• Facts
• Illustrations (verbal or visual)
• Descriptions explanations
• Definitions
• Analogies
• Statistics
• Opinions
• Examples
• Stories
• Testimonies

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What Materials to Use?

• Fact - verifiable observation, experience, or
  event known to be true
• Most effective when the audience can accept them
  as true
• Illustrations (verbal or visual)
• Brief illustration a short example (a sentence
  or two)
• Extended illustration a detailed example

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What Materials to Use?

• Descriptions explanations
• Description detailed mental images of people,
  concepts, or things.
• Explanation a statement that makes clear how
  something is done or why it exists.
• They offer causes, effects, characteristics, and
  background information.
• Definition explanations or clarifications of a
  words meaning.

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What Materials to Use?

• Analogy a comparison of unfamiliar concepts or
  objects with familiar ones.
• can be alike or different
• Examples
• Alike America is like a quilt- many patches,
  pieces, colors, and sizes, all woven and held
  together by a common thread.
• Different If a copilot must be qualified to fly
  a plane, then a U.S. Vice President should be
  qualified to govern the country.

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What Materials to Use?

• Statistics systematically collected and
  numerically classified information.
• -only factual if analyzed correctly
• Opinion a statement made by an individual
• Examples- provides a reference to a specific case
  or instance in order to make an idea
  understandable.
• can be facts, brief descriptions, or detailed
  stories

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What Materials to Use?

• Stories- accounts or reports about things that
  have happened.
• Can have a great impact on the audience
• Use stories to gain attention, create a mood, or
  reinforce an important idea.

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What Materials to Use?

• Testimony- statements or opinions that someone
  has said or written in magazines, speeches, on
  the radio, books, etc.
• Believability depends on the credentials of the
  speaker or writer, so use testimony from famous
  people and experts to enhance your credibility.
• Expert testimony an opinion offered by someone
  who is an authority on the subject.
• Lay testimony an opinion offered by a
  nonexpert who has firsthand experience.

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How to choose good materials

• Magnitude bigger is better!
• Proximity the most relevant to the listeners
  (closest to home)
• Concreteness use concrete examples and
  statistics
• Variety use a mix!
• Humor audience will appreciate it!
• Suitability of material to you, your speech,
  your audience, and occasion.

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Search for Supporting materials

• Start with your own knowledge
• Internet/WWW
• To supplement library sources, not replace them
• Directories
• Search engines
• Alta Vista www.altavista.com
• Google www.google.com
• Yahoo! www.yahoo.com
• Lycos www.lycos.com
• Dogpile www.dogpile.com

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Search Engine
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Directory
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Supporting materials

• Library resources
• Books
• Periodicals
• Full-text Databases
• Government documents
• Reference resources (maps, encyclopedias, etc.)
• Special services (interlibrary loan)

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Supporting materials

• Interviews
• Needs to be set up
• Requires planning
• Can provide very useful information
• Special groups/organizations

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Important Questions for Interviews

• Why am I conducting this interview? What do I
  hope to learn?
• What do I know about the person Im interviewing?
• What do I want or need to know for my
  presentation?
• In what order should I ask the questions?

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Evaluating Your Sources

• Is the source identifiable and credible?
• Are the author and publisher identified and
  reputable?
• Example Which is more respected and reputable?
• The National Inquirer or
• The Wall Street Journal
• Is the source biased?
• Is the information slanted in one direction so
  much that it isnt fair?

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Evaluating Your Sources

• Is the information recent?
• When was the information collected and published?
  Use magazines, web sources, etc. for current
  events.
• Is the information consistent?
• Is the information similar to other information
  on the same subject?
• Are the statistics valid?
• Use sophisticated research methods to provide
  valid statistics and information.

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Questions for Determining Validity

• Who collected and analyzed the data?
• Is the researcher a well-respected expert?
• How was the information collected and analyzed?
• Who is reporting the statistics the researcher
  or a reporter?
• Are the statistics believable?

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Record Your Sources

• Make a bibliography card, recording all relevant
  information for each source you intend to use.
• Make copies of the material you will use
• Save material you find online by printing it,
  emailing it to yourself, or saving it to a disk.

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Record Your Sources

• Read the copies you have made carefully
• Take careful notes on information related to your
  paper topic.
• Distinguish exact quotations from summaries and
  record all page numbers.

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Cite Your Sources

• In writing (bibliography) and/or orally during
  your speech
• In Writing (bibliography)
• Must include author, title, publisher, and date
• There should be no question which words are yours
  and which words belong to other people.
• Not necessary for facts regarded as common
  knowledge (available in many sources), such as
  chronological events, authors birth date...

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Cite Your Sources (cont.)

• If you are not sure, cite your sources!
• Cite all supporting material unless it is common
  knowledge.
• Cite someone elses ideas and opinions, even if
  you restate it in your own words.

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Citing Your Sources Orally

• Provide sufficient information to allow others to
  find your source, dont read the whole citation.
• Provide the name of the person, saying a word or
  two about their credentials, and mentioning the
  source (or title) of the information.

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Citing Directly or Paraphrasing

• Directly
• In a 1988 article published by English
  Journal, Dr. James Stalker described the
  absurdity of adopting an official language for
  the United States. He wrote We cannot

• Paraphrasing
• In a 1988 article published by English
  Journal, Dr. James Stalker noted that in a
  Democracy like ours, we cannot pass laws against
  the use of other languages.

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Supporting materials

• How to develop a bibliography
• In alphabetical order at the end of the speech
  outline
• Authors name
• Title of the article (book)
• Title of the book/website
• Date of publication (date when accessed if it is
  a web site)
• Publisher (books only)

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In Class Activity

• Critical thinking pp. 187-188

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Outline Review (see pp. 32-33)

• Topic
• General and Specific Purposes at the end of the
  speech
• Central idea
• Description
• Introduction (write your statement)
• Body (structure only)
• Conclusion (write your statement)

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Homework

• Read chapters 7 8
• Do suggested activity p. 165
• Select a video speech and provide its analysis.
• Perfect your introduction and conclusion
• Continue selecting supporting materials for your
  first speech
• Continue putting together biographical
  information

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Questions?
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