Meeting the Needs of the Developing Bio-based Economy

1
Meeting the Needs of the Developing Bio-based
Economy
The Transition from Agricultural to Biosystems
Engineering University Studies in Europe

• D. Briassoulis
• Agricultural University of Athens

2
Reaching the limits of the non-renewable
resources Based Economy
The world's problem is as follows (2004 data) We
now consume six barrels of oil for every new
barrel we discover. Major oil finds (of over 500m
barrels) peaked in 1964. In 2000, there were 13
such discoveries, in 2001 six, in 2002 two and in
2003 none. Three major new projects will come
on-stream in 2007 and three in 2008.
"Are We 'Running Out'? I Thought There Was 40
Years of the Stuff Left"

• George Monbiot The Guardian, Tuesday June 8 2004

Life After the Oil Crash, http//www.lifeaftertheo
ilcrash.net/Index.html
3
Reaching the limits of the non-renewable
resources Based Economy

• Industrial civilization as we know it is coming
  to an end soon
• This is not the wacky proclamation of a doomsday
  cult, apocalypse bible prophecy sect, or
  conspiracy theory society.
• Rather, it is the scientific conclusion of the
  best paid, most widely-respected geologists,
  physicists, bankers, and investors in the world.
• These are rational, professional, conservative
  individuals who are absolutely terrified by a
  phenomenon known as global "Peak Oil."

Life After the Oil Crash, http//www.lifeaftertheo
ilcrash.net/Index.html
4
Reaching the limits of the non-renewable
resources Based Economy
A growing gap is expected between oil supply and
demand

• Gail E. Tverberg April 10, 2008, Ohio State
  University College of Public Health, The
  Expected Economic Impact of an Energy Downturn,
  The Oil Drum

5
Reaching the limits of the non-renewable
resources Based Economy
The median forecast is calculated from 13 models
that are predicting a peak before 2020 95 of
the predictions  sees a production peak between
2008 and 2010 at 77.5 - 85.0 mbpd

• World oil production (EIA Monthly) for crude oil
  NGL.

6
Reaching the limits of the non-renewable
resources Based Economy

• Easy oil is gone
• Natural gas is in limited supply
• Coal is associated with climate change
• High grade ores of uranium and other minerals are
  depleting
• Substitutes are a long way off

The Earth is Finite We are Reaching its Limits

• Gail E. Tverberg April 10, 2008, Ohio State
  University College of Public Health, The Expected
  Economic Impact of an Energy Downturn, The Oil
  Drum

7
Reaching the limits of the non-renewable
resources Based Economy
Richard C. Duncan, The Olduvai Theory, Energy,
Population, and Industrial Civilization, Winter
2005-2006 THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
8
Reaching the limits of the non-renewable
resources Based Economy

• IMPACT
• Higher oil prices
• Gasoline, diesel, asphalt
• Spreads to natural gas, coal, electricity
• Higher food prices
• Partly because of shipping/ cultivation costs
• Partly because of biofuel use of food

Food and energy costs become a bigger share of
the economy.

• Gail E. Tverberg April 10, 2008, The Expected
  Economic Impact of an Energy Downturn, The Oil
  Drum

9
Reaching the limits of the non-renewable
resources Based Economy
The Oil Energy Curve of History?

• The petroleum-based economy is a mere 140 years
  old and unlikely to survive into the next
  century.
• We face a big challenge of vital importance for
  the survival of the planet
• The eventual transition of the global economy
  from one based on non-renewable resources into a
  veritably sustainable one is of vital importance.

Life After the Oil Crash, http//www.lifeaftertheo
ilcrash.net/Index.html
10
Reaching the limits of the non-renewable
resources Based Economy?
Controversy surrounds predictions of the timing
of the global peak, as these predictions are
dependent on the past production and discovery
data used in the calculation as well as how
unconventional reserves are considered.
Geological pessimism confronts economic and
technological optimism!
JACQUELINE LANG WEAVER, THE TRADITIONAL
PETROLEUM-BASED ECONOMY AN EVENTFUL FUTURE,
Professor of Law, University of Houston Law
Center, Conference on Biofuels and the New
Energy Economy Cumberland School of Law, Samford
University on February 10, 2006.
11
Reaching the limits of the non-renewable
resources Based Economynow, in a few years or
in a few decades!

• Agricultural and Industrial production and
  processing has to adopt innovative clean
  technologies, based on renewable resources
• We need to move to a new direction of production
  for agricultural and pharmaceutical products
  based on pure biological components to eliminate
  chemicals and toxins...
• We need to decrease the use of non-renewable
  resources for reasons of climatic change and
  water famine
• The eventual transition of the global economy
  from one based on non-renewable resources into a
  veritably sustainable one is of vital importance!

12
The development of the Bio-Based Economy

• "Bio-
• from Greek ß???
• for "life"

13
The triumphant come-back of the Bio-Based Economy

• The economy of the humankind has been based on
  renewable natural resources for untold ages
• The bio-based-economy is staging a come-back, but
  in a totally rejuvenated form.
• The bio-based economy developing today is a
  highly sophisticated, knowledge-intensive sector
  in which rapid progress should be the norm.

?st?? ??? ep?st?µ? d??a a????? µet? ????? ???t??
(ep?staµa???????? ?a??)
Cees Veerman speech at the conference
Sustainability, Rural Development and Rural
Tourism, Budapest, August 28, 2005
http//www.nwlink.com/donclark/knowledge/knowledg
e.html
14
The opportunities of the Bio-Based Economy

• almost limitless.

Biomaterials
Base Chemicals
Maurice Lex, White Biotechnology, Europe on the
Move, European Commission FP7 Agriculture, Food
and Biotechnology Research
15
The development of the Bio-Based Economy

• The United States and Canada are leaping forward
  in integrating the bio-based economy into their
  long-term innovation strategies
• The use of sustainable natural resources is seen
  as giving the agricultural sector a new lease on
  life.
• Developments in Europe are more scattered. A few
  countries have been forging ahead since the
  mid-1990s. Others are only just picking up on the
  idea
• Important steps have to be taken in the European
  Union, otherwise there is the danger that in the
  not too distant future, Europe will be lagging
  behind the United States and Canada.

The Emerging Biobased Economy, May 2005 Meeting
the goals set for 2010 could create 15-20
billion a year in new income for farmers and
rural America and reduce annual greenhouse gas
emissions http//www.informaecon.com/Biobased_Pro
spectus_May_2005.pdf
Cees Veerman speech at the conference
Sustainability, Rural Development and Rural
Tourism, Budapest, August 28, 2005
16
The development of the Bio-Based Economy

• Biomass, as fuel
• Brazil leads the world in production and use,
  making about 27 billion litres per year (2008).
  Some 50 percent of the country's sugar crop
  (2005) is made into bio-based automotive fuel,
  which Brazil exports to the tune of two billion
  liters a year.
• In the USA ethanol production is expected to
  increase substantially gasoline sold in the
  United States shall contain at least 7.5 billion
  gallons of renewable fuels in 2012 (about
  half-a-million barrels per day).
• The European Union has set a goal of agro-fuels
  providing 5.75 of Europe's transport power by
  2010 and 10 percent by 2020.

BBC NEWS Cees Veerman speech at the conference
Sustainability, Rural Development and Rural
Tourism, Budapest, August 28, 2005
Economic Report of the President Transmitted to
the Congress February 2006, Together with the
Annual Report of the Council of Economic
Advisers mandate included in the Energy Policy
Act of 2005
17
The development of the Bio-Based Economy

• Bio-fuels use in
• key countries

National Intelligence Council (USA), Disruptive
Technologies, Global Trends, Appendix C Biofuels
and biobased chemicals, 2005
18
The development of the Bio-Based Economy
Should the conversion of biomass into fuel
(agro-fuels), be the first priority? can it be
the driving force of the developing bio-based
economy?
19
The opportunities of the Bio-Based Economy

• The conversion of biomass into fuel, important as
  it may be, is just the 'low end' of the bio-based
  economy.
• Biofuels are limited by land, fresh water

Biofuels the illusion and the reality
trigger new competition for agricultural
resources, and/or will increase existing
competition, mainly for land and water, between
food production and biofuel production
http//www.twnside.org.sg/title2/resurgence/200/co
ver1.doc
Jan E.G. van Dama, Barbara de Klerk-Engels, Paul
C. Struik, Rudy Rabbinge, Securing renewable
resource supplies for changing market demands in
a bio-based economy Industrial cops and products
20
The opportunities of the Bio-Based Economy

• The best added value of the bio-based economy
  comes from knowledge-intensive products,
  materials and chemicals.
• Biomass must be processed in a sustainable way
  for the bio-based economy to make sense.

Cees Veerman speech at the conference
Sustainability, Rural Development and Rural
Tourism, Budapest, August 28, 2005
Jan E.G. van Dama, Barbara de Klerk-Engels, Paul
C. Struik, Rudy Rabbinge, Securing renewable
resource supplies for changing market demands in
a bio-based economy Industrial cops and products
21
The opportunities of the Bio-Based Economy

• The transition from petroleum-based materials to
  bio-based materials is a major global trend
• A bio-based material is simply an engineering
  material made from substances derived from living
  matter. These substances may be natural or
  synthesized organic compounds that exist in
  nature.
• Typically it refers to modern materials that have
  undergone more extensive processing.

A biomaterial is essentially a material that is
used and adapted for a medical application.
Unprocessed materials may be called biotic
material
22
The opportunities of the Bio-Based Economy

• Biomass, for bio-based materials production
• Biodegradable packaging materials made from the
  starchy components of potatoes, corn etc and from
  crop waste.
• Packaging materials made from lactic acids are
  also making headway. Some of the largest
  supermarket chains are packaging most of their
  organic food products in such bio-based
  materials.
• Bio-based materials are used to produce
  biodegradable films and other plastic products
  for agricultural applications
• Renewable building blocks for plastics, as well
  as natural fibers are already used to reinforce
  plastics applied in the automotive industry and
  other applications.
• Biocomposites are finding applications in the
  construction and electronics industry due to
  their low cost and specific properties

Cees Veerman speech at the conference
Sustainability, Rural Development and Rural
Tourism, Budapest, August 28, 2005
23
The development of the Bio-Based Economy

• Biomass for bio-based materials production
• Biopolymers are now moving into main-stream use,
  and the polymers based on renewable feedstock
  may soon be competing with commodity plastics, as
  a result of the sales growth of more than 2030
  per year.
• The US Technology Road Map for Plant/Crop-based
  Renewable Resources 2020 has targeted to achieve
  10 of basic chemical building blocks arising
  from plant-derived renewable sources by 2020,
  with development concepts in place by then to
  achieve a further increase to 50 by 2050.

() Sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy
(DOE)
24
The development of the Bio-Based Economy

• Biomass for biobased materials production in USA
  
• The U.S. agricultural, forestry, life sciences,
  and chemical communities have developed a
  strategic vision for using crops, trees, and
  agricultural residues to manufacture industrial
  products, and have identified major barriers to
  its implementation.

Matt Carr, The biobased revolution, ASC Fall
Convention and Expo, October 11, 2005
25
The development of the Bio-Based Economy

• Biomass for biobased materials production in EU
• Europe is currently well placed in the markets
  for innovative bio-based products, building on
  established knowledge and a leading technological
  and industrial position.
• Perceived uncertainty about product properties
  and weak market transparency hinder the fast
  take-up of products.
• Communication, standardisation, labelling and
  certification could be used to overcome this.
• Future revisions of the CAP could provide
  opportunities to examine the various elements of
  non-food policy in order to give positive
  incentives to the cultivation of crops for
  industrial uses, in line with the ongoing CAP
  reform path.

A Lead Market Initiative for Europe, ANNEX I,
ACTION PLAN OF THE LEAD MARKET INITIATIVE IN THE
AREA OF BIO-BASED PRODUCTS, Brussels, 21.12.2007,
SEC(2007) 1729
26
The development of the Bio-Based Economy
National Intelligence Council (USA), Disruptive
Technologies, Global Trends, Appendix C Biofuels
and biobased chemicals, 2005
27
The development of the Bio-Based Economy at the
European level
The development and production of novel,
innovative products and processes in a cost- and
eco-efficient manner, using increasingly
renewable raw materials and taking into account
the hot environmental issues like climatic change
and water limitations, require

• Advances in the technology reach and development
  of new knowledge though EU and national support
  of the European Education and Research Areas
• Systematic, strong Universities-Enterprises
  cooperation

28
The development of the Bio-Based Economy

• Meeting the Needs of the Developing Bio-based
  Economy at the level of the University Studies in
  Europe

29
The development of the Bio-Based Economy

• Many disciplines (e.g. Chemical Engineering,
  Civil and Mechanical Engineering, Agricultural
  Sciences, Biotechnology, etc) are expected to
  adapt their programs of studies to meet the needs
  of the developing bio-based economy

30
The development of the Bio-Based Economy

• Agricultural Engineering programs of studies will
  have also to be adapted
• to address the complex problems of using
  non-renewable resources based fuels for
  agricultural machinery and production systems,
  simultaneously increasing productivity under
  limitations of water and chemicals and
  environmental constraints
• . exploit by-products for development of
  bio-based materials and use special bio-based
  materials in production and processing.
• . irrigate under conditions of water famine,
  apply sophisticated information technologies and
  engineering design to optimise prodution,
  operation and processing involing sensitive and
  complicated biological systems.

31
NEW DEVELOPMENTS

• What is the future of the AGRICULTURAL
  ENGINEERING STUDIES IN EUROPE?

• Facing the new challenges of the Developing
  Bio-based Economy at the level of the University
  Studies in Europe related to the production and
  processing of goods of biological origin
• In an environmental friendly way
• Based on non-renewable resources to a steadily
  increasing degree

32
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STUDIES IN EUROPE A
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
Defining the needs in the years before 2002

• Agricultural engineering is under-going rapid
  changes as a result of
• technological innovation
• the dramatic structural changes of the Higher
  Educational system of Europe
• major inherent problems associated with the
  traditional field of Agricultural Engineering
  studies in Europe and the emerging relevant
  societal needs.

33
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING STUDIES IN EUROPE A
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

• In response to these major challenges, the
  thematic network USAEE - University Studies of
  Agricultural Engineering in Europe was
  established in the framework of the Erasmus
  programme of the EU Directorate-General Education
  and Culture 2002-2006
• The USAEE thematic network project was
  established with the endorsement and the support
  of the European Society of Agricultural Engineers
  

34
A Thematic Network composed of 31 partner
Universities from 27 European countries and
funded by DG Education and Culture
35
USAEE - University Studies of Agricultural
Engineering in Europe a Thematic
NetworkObjectives

• define the core curricula to be used as
  benchmarks for Agricultural Engineering studies
  in Europe
• define common accreditation strategies and
  procedures and establish the bodies/committees to
  carry out the accreditation of the departments
  which are to meet the core curricula requirements

36
Outputs

• Web address to download all eight Proceedings of
  the USAEE Workshops http//www.eurageng.net -
  link USAEE TN
• concerning issues on
• Studies
• Research
• ECTS
• Agricultural Engineering core curricula meeting
  the FEANI criteria
• Accreditation procedures
• Employability
• Quality assurance and assessment
• Continuous updating on web-site
• http//sunfire.aua.gr8080/ects/Welcome.do

37
FEANI PROCESS

• June 2006 USAEE submitted officially the final
  core curricula for Agricultural Engineering
  University studies in Europe.
• January 2007 FEANI EMC replies USAEE document
  combined with the FEANI criteria provide guidance
  to the schools in order to design an agricultural
  engineering programme to be included in the FEANI
  INDEX

APPROVED!
Fédération Européenne d'Associations Nationales
d'Ingénieurs, European Federation of National
Engineering Association  shttp//www.feani.org/
38
EurAgEngRECOGNITION
A recognition implementation plan has been
prepared in close cooperation between USAEE and
EurAgEng The scheme was officially announced
(September 2006, Bonn) by EurAgEng and foresees
several steps
39
ACCREDITATION

• Developments towards the establishment of a
  SINGLE European Accreditation procedure for all
  European Engineering programs of studies

40
EUR-ACE project(EURopean ACcredited Engineer)
The EUR-ACE accreditation system is being set up
within ENAEE and monitored by an ad-hoc Working
Group (EUR-ACE Label Committee)
41
USAEE TN University Studies of Agricultural
Engineering in Europe synergies with EURACE-ENAEE

• USAEE/ERABEE participate in the project board of
  the EUR-ACE Implementation project aiming at
  establishing the ACCREDITATION of Agricultural
  and Biosystems Engineering programmes of studies
  as Engineering Programmes of studies complying
  with the EUR_ACE Standards Framework in the same
  way as for any other ENGINEERING program of
  studies in Europe

42
Steps in the Accreditation procedure

• For the programs of study in Agricultural
  /Biosystems Engineering that adopt the FEANI /
  USAEE TN Core Curricula
• EuAgEng may undertake the task of RECOGNITION of
  these programs as being Agricultural or
  Biosystems Engineering programs of studies.
• Then, the use of the terms Agricultural or
  Biosystems Engineering by programs of studies
  that are not recognized by EurAgEng will not be
  as easy as it happens today
• EUR-ACE standards may be applied for the
  ACCREDITATION of any recognised Agricultural or
  Biosystems Engineering program in the same way as
  for any other ENGINEERING program of studies in
  Europe

43
USAEE-Steps in the Accreditation procedure

• The ACCREDITATION through EUR-ACE standards of
  any recognised Agricultural or Biosystems
  Engineering program in Europe awards the EUR-ACE
  Labeling of the accredited programs of studies

The EUR-ACE label certificates will be
EUR-ACE First Cycle level EUR-ACE Second
Cycle level

1. The Accredited by EUR-ACE standards Agricultural
   or Biosystems Engineering programs will be
   automatically registered in the FEANI index
   without any additional application and procedure

44
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
STUDIES AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES INTERNATIONAL
LEVEL

• Traditional field of Agricultural Engineering is
  now evolving into the Biosystems Engineering
  field
• Biosystems Engineering is a science-based
  engineering discipline that integrates
  engineering science and design with applied
  biological, environmental and agricultural
  sciences, broadening in this way the area of
  application of Engineering sciences not strictly
  to agricultural applications, but to the
  biological systems in general, including
  agriculture

45
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
STUDIES AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

• Agricultural Engineering applies engineering
  sciences to agricultural applications
• Biosystems (or Agricultural and Biological)
  Engineering, extends this application of
  engineering sciences to all living organisms
  applications, including agriculture.
• Biosystems engineers can be involved in the
  expanding new areas of bio-based materials,
  agro-fuels, biomechatronics, etc., in the
  assessment of food traceability, quality and
  safety and in the design of environmentally
  friendly and sustainable systems.

46
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
STUDIES AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

• The major international political priority
  relevant to Biosystems (or Agricultural and
  Biological) Engineering studies was set in USA
  and Canada back in 2003 by the American Society
  of Agricultural Engineers (ASAE) and the Canadian
  Society of Agricultural Engineering (CSAE),
  respectively.
• This political priority regarded major changes in
  the curricula, also reflected in the change of
  the Societies names which was considered as a
  major issue.
• At that time it had become evident that
  traditional Agricultural Engineering Departments
  experienced a marked decline in students.

47
NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
STUDIES AND RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

• Since the majority of such Departments in USA and
  Canada added a bio modifier term (i.e.
  Biosystems, Biological, Bioresources,
  Bioengineering, etc.) in their titles and aligned
  their academic programs with the biology-based
  curriculum (including the agricultural
  engineering main core), student enrolment
  increased.
• As a result in 2005 ASAE and CSAE decided to
  change their name to
• American Society of Agricultural and Biological
  Engineers (ASABE)
• Canadian Society for Bioengineering (CSBE)

48
Policy Oriented Measures in Support of the
Evolving Biosystems Engineering Studies in USA -
EU
POMSEBES
2007-2008

• EU-US Atlantis programme 2006

49
Provide a platform for a systematic exchange of
experiences and ideas between the established
Biological Engineering studies in the US and the
evolving Biosystems Engineering studies in EU
aiming at the establishment of appropriate policy
oriented measures to support and guide this
evolution
Main objective of POMSEBES
Policy Oriented Measures in Support of the
Evolving Biosystems Engineering Studies in USA -
EU
50
Biosystems Engineering - I

• Biosystems Engineering is defined as an evolving
  science-based engineering discipline that
  integrates engineering science and design with
  applied biological, agricultural and
  environmental sciences
• Biosystems Engineering concerns education and
  research in the physical sciences and engineering
  to understand, model, process or enhance
  biological systems for sustainable developments
  in agriculture, food, land use and the
  environment

http//www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescriptio
n.cws_home/622795/descriptiondescription
51
Biosystems Engineering - II

• Biosystems Engineering is not Biotechnology which
  is defined as
• Techniques that use living organisms or parts of
  organisms to produce a variety of products (from
  medicines to industrial enzymes) to improve
  plants or animals or to develop microorganisms to
  remove toxics from bodies of water, or act as
  pesticides
• A multidisciplinary field in which biological
  systems are developed and/or used for the
  provision of commercial goods or services

Biotechnology is not an Engineering Discipline
http//www.nsc.org/ehc/glossary.htmb
http//www.elsevier.com/wps/find/journaldescriptio
n.cws_home/525455/descriptiondescription
52
Biosystems Engineering - III
Biosystems Engineering is not Biomedical
Engineering which is defined as The application
of engineering principles and techniques to the
medical field. It combines the design and problem
solving skills of engineering with the medical
and biological science to help improve patient
health care and the quality of life of healthy
individuals
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomedical_engineerin
g
53
Biosystems Engineering

• Focuses on applying Engineering principles to
  biological systems except for humans to avoid
  conflicts and confusion of professional
  competences with the discipline of Biomedical
  Engineering
• Does not simply include scattered courses from
  Biotechnology or Biology creating conflicts and
  confusion of professional competences with the
  well established non-Engineering discipline of
  Biotechnology
• Is founded on a broader basis of biological
  sciences through replacing agricultural
  application oriented courses with selected
  fundamental biological systems /agricultural
  sciences subjects
• Retains Agricultural Engineering as the main
  component of the program of studies with a clear
  and strong Engineering core curriculum (USAEE/
  FEANI)

54
Need for the transition from Agricultural to
Biosystems Engineering in Europe
55
Need for the transition from Agricultural
Engineering to Biosystems Engineering in Europe

• Europe should keep step with the latest
  developments in Biosystems Engineering occurred
  at the international level to meet the needs of
  the developing bio-based economy strong
  competition in education, research and economy
• Biosystems Engineering should evolve as an
  integral part of the rapid developments in the
  Higher Education Area in Europe

56
Need for the transition from Agricultural
Engineering to Biosystems Engineering in Europe

• In response to the dramatic developments, the
  new Thematic Network for Education and Research
  in Biosystems Engineering or Agricultural and
  Biological Engineering in Europe (ERABEE-TN) was
  established
• ERABEE-TN is built-upon and further develops the
  outputs of the USAEE-TN by contributing to the
  inevitable transition from the traditional
  Agricultural Engineering studies towards a new
  European dimension in higher education in the
  broader area of Biosystems Engineering.

() Bio-based economy Reduced interest of
students for the traditional Agricultural
Engineering International developments
57
Education and Research in Biosystems or
Agricultural and Biological Engineering in
Europe a Thematic Network ERABEE TN
Geographical distribution of the consortium
ERABBE Thematic Network composed of 33 partner
Universities and 2 students associations from 27
European countries and funded by DG Education and
Culture
58
Facing new developments and new challenges
through the ERABEE TN work

• In the future, it is anticipated that the
  bio-based economy will grow significantly in
  Europe.
• The climatic change related problems will affect
  the development of the bio-based economy
• Enterprises in the areas of bio-energy and
  renewable resources and bio-based materials are
  likely to increase, creating new employment
  opportunities for Biosystems (or Agricultural and
  Biological) Engineers.

59
Facing new developments and new challenges
through the ERABEE TN work

• Advancements in science and technology will
  create new opportunities in areas such as
  bio-safety, risk assessment, sensor/bio-sensors,
  electronics and use of information technology,
  remote sensing, GPS/GIS etc.
• New emerging opportunities are likely to occur in
  developing and under-developed countries in areas
  of environmental quality, infrastructure and
  rural development (agriculture and bio-energy).

60
ERABEE TN Meeting the Needs of the Developing
Bio-based Economy