Classes

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Classes Objects

• Computer Science I

Last updated 9/30/10
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Object-Oriented Programming

• OOP A programming paradigm that uses "objects"
  data structures consisting of data fields and
  methods together with their interactions to
  design applications and computer programs
• Programming techniques may include
• Data abstraction
• Encapsulation
• Modularity
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance

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Background

• Object-oriented programming has roots that can be
  traced to the 1960s
• As hardware and software became increasingly
  complex, manageability often became a concern
• Researchers studied ways to maintain software
  quality and developed object-oriented programming
  in part to address common problems by strongly
  emphasizing discrete, reusable units of
  programming logic

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Background

• OOP focuses on data rather than processes
• Programs are composed of self-sufficient modules
  ("classes")
• Each instance of which ("objects") contains all
  the information needed to manipulate its own data
  structure ("members")
• Modular programming focuses on the function of a
  module, rather than specifically the data
• MP provides for code reuse, and self-sufficient
  reusable units of programming logic, enabling
  collaboration through the use of linked modules
  (subroutines)

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Background

• An object-oriented program may be viewed as a
  collection of interacting objects
• Each object is capable of
• receiving messages,
• processing data, and
• sending messages to other objects

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Background

• Each object can be viewed as an independent
  'machine' with a distinct role or responsibility
• Actions (methods) on these objects are closely
  associated with the object
• For example
• OOP data structures tend to carry their own
  operators around with them
• Or at least inherit them from a similar object or
  class
• In the conventional model, the data and
  operations on the data don't have a tight, formal
  association

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What is a class?

• A template for an object
• A user-defined datatype that contains the
  variables, properties and methods in it
• Defines the abstract characteristics of a thing
  (object), including its characteristics and the
  thing's behaviors
• For example
• The class Dog would consist of traits shared by
  all dogs, such as breed and fur color
  (characteristics), and the ability to bark and
  sit (behaviors)

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What is a class?

• Provides modularity and structure in an
  object-oriented computer program
• Should typically be recognizable to a
  non-programmer familiar with the problem domain,
  meaning that the characteristics of the class
  should make sense in context
• The code should be relatively self-contained
• Collectively, the defined properties and methods
  are called members

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What is a class?

• One can have an instance of a class the instance
  is the actual object created at run-time
• For example
• The Lassie object is an instance of the Dog class
• The set of attribute values for a particular
  object is called its state
• The object consists of state and the behavior
  that's defined in the object's classes

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What is an object?

• A discrete bundle of functions and procedures,
  often relating to a particular real-world concept
  such as a bank account holder or hockey player
• Other pieces of software can access the object
  only by calling its functions and procedures that
  have been allowed to be called by outsiders
• Some agree that isolating objects in this way
  makes their software easier to manage and keep
  track of
• Others feel that software becomes more complex to
  maintain and document, or even to engineer from
  the start

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OOP Features

• Dynamic
• Encapsulation (or multi-methods, in which case
  the state is kept separate)
• Polymorphism
• Inheritance (or delegation)
• Open recursion

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What is a method?

• "The process by which an object sends data to
  another object or asks the other object to invoke
  a method.
• Also known as interfacing
• For example
• The object called Breeder may tell the Lassie
  object to sit by passing a sit message that
  invokes Lassie's sit() method
• The syntax varies between languages

Armstrong, The Quarks of Object-Oriented
Development. In descending order of popularity,
the "quarks" are Inheritance, Object, Class,
Encapsulation, Method, Message Passing,
Polymorphism, Abstraction
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Dynamic Dispatch

• When a method is invoked on an object, the object
  itself determines what code gets executed by
  looking up the method at run time in a table
  associated with the object
• This feature distinguishes an object from an
  abstract data type (or module), which has a fixed
  (static) implementation of the operations for all
  instances
• It is a programming methodology that gives
  modular component development while at the same
  time being very efficient

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Encapsulation

• Conceals the functional details of a class from
  objects that send messages to it
• For example
• The Dog class has a bark() method variable
• The code for the bark() method defines exactly
  how a bark happens
• Timmy, Lassie's friend, however, does not need to
  know exactly how she barks
• Encapsulation is achieved by specifying which
  classes may use the members of an object
• The result is that each object exposes to any
  class a certain interface those members
  accessible to that class

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Encapsulation

• Rationale
• Prevents clients of an interface from depending
  on those parts of the implementation that are
  likely to change in the future
• Thereby allowing those changes to be made more
  easily without changes to clients
• For example
• An interface can ensure that puppies can only be
  added to an object of the class Dog by code in
  that class
• Members are often specified as public, protected
  or private, determining whether they are
  available to all classes, sub-classes or only the
  defining class

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Polymorphism

• Allows the programmer to treat derived class
  members just like their parent class's members
• More precisely, the ability of objects belonging
  to different data types to respond to calls of
  methods of the same name, each one according to
  an appropriate type-specific behavior
• One method, or an operator such as , -, or ,
  can be abstractly applied in many different
  situations
• For example
• If a Dog is commanded to speak(), this may elicit
  a bark()
• If a Pig is commanded to speak(), this may elicit
  an oink()

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Inheritance

• A process in which a class inherits all the state
  and behavior of another class
• This is called child-parent or is-a relationship
• Subclasses are more specialized versions of a
  class, which inherit attributes and behaviors
  from their parent classes, and can introduce
  their own

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Inheritance

• For example
• The class Dog might have sub-classes called
  Collie, Chihuahua, and GoldenRetriever
• Lassie would be an instance (object) of the
  Collie subclass
• Assume that the Dog class defines a method called
  bark() and a property called furColor
• Each of the sub-classes will inherit these
  members the programmer only needs to write the
  code for them once

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Inheritance

• Each subclass can alter its inherited traits
• For example
• The Collie subclass might specify that the
  default furColor for a collie is brown-and-white
• The Chihuahua subclass might specify that the
  bark() method produces a high pitch by default

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Inheritance

• Subclasses can also add new members
• For example
• The Chihuahua subclass could add a method called
  tremble()
• An individual Chihuahua instance would then use a
  high-pitched bark() from the Chihuahua subclass,
  which in turn inherited the usual bark() from Dog
• The Chihuahua object would also have the
  tremble() method, but Lassie would not, because
  she is a Collie, not a Chihuahua

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Inheritance

• Inheritance is an "a is a" relationship between
  classes, while instantiation is an "is a"
  relationship between an object and a class
• For example
• a Collie is a Dog ("a is a"), but
• Lassie is a Collie ("is a")
• Thus, the object named Lassie has the methods
  from both classes Collie and Dog

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Open recursion

• A special variable (syntactically it may be a
  keyword), usually called this or self, that
  allows a method body to invoke another method
  body of the same object
• This variable is late-bound it allows a method
  defined in one class to invoke another method
  that is defined later, in some subclass thereof