Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

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Third EditionUnderstanding TerrorismChallenges,
Perspectives, and Issues
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Chapter 7

• Violent Ideologies
• Terrorism From the Left and Right

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The Classical Ideological Continuum

• From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe
• Fringe-left Extreme, often violent,
  interpretation of Marxist or other leftist
  ideologies.
• Far-left Radical interpretations of Marxist or
  other leftist ideologies that are usually
  non-violent.
• Liberalism Policy agenda promoting peoples
  rights. Expectation of positive government role.
• Moderate center Usually largest segment in
  democracies.

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The Classical Ideological Continuum(continued)

• From the Left Fringe to the Right Fringe
• Moderate center Usually largest segment in
  democracies.
• Conservatism Traditional distrust of change or
  government intervention.
• Far-right Strong adherence to social order and
  tradition.
• Fringe-right Uncompromising, often violent,
  belief in ethnonationalist or religious
  superiority.

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The Classical Ideological Continuum(continued)
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The Classical Ideological Continuum(continued)

• Ideologies and Ideals
• Ideologies Systems of belief.
• Anarchism Minimal central governmental control.
• Propaganda by the deed.
• Marxism Class warfare leading to a communist
  dictatorship of the proletariat.
• Fascism Strong antidemocratic, anti-Communist
  belief in law and order.
• Often ethnocentric and militaristic.

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A Comparison of Ideologies
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Left-Wing Ideologies and Ideals

• Class Struggle
• Orthodox Marxism.
• Relationship to the means of production.
• Goal Dictatorship of the proletariat.
• Leftist Nationalism
• Selective application of Marxist theory.
• Rooted in Cold War rivalries.
• Wars of national liberation.

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Left-Wing Ideologies and Ideals(continued)

• Special-Interest Extremism
• Single-issue terrorism.
• Cases Environmentalism. Peace movements.
• Problems on the Radical Left
• Marxist revolutions occurred in the developing
  world.
• Infighting about the revolutionary party.
• Soviet versus developing world Communism.
• Working classes in the West never acquired a
  revolutionary consciousness.

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The Industrial Age Class Pyramid
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The Terrorist Left

• Case Latin America
• Colombia
• FARC
• National Liberation Army
• Peru
• Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)
• Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA)
• Argentina
• Montoneros

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The Terrorist Left(continued)

• Case Europe
• Italy
• The Red Brigade
• Years of Lead
• Germany
• Red Army Faction
• June 2nd Movement
• Northern Ireland
• Provisional Irish Republican Army
• Irish National Liberation Army

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Leftist Terrorism in Latin America
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Leftist Terrorism in Europe
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Right-Wing Activism and Extremism

• Political Parties and Dissident Movements
• Reflect the distinctive features of national
  environments.
• Neofascist political parties in Europe and Latin
  America.
• Unorganized or partly organized dissident
  movements.
• Tradition and Order
• Defenders of a supreme principle such as a new
  order.
• Scapegoating enemy groups.

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Right-Wing Activism and Extremism(continued)

• Right-Wing Nationalism
• Notion of a superior national group or race.
• Loyalty to the superior group.
• Subordination of inferior groups.
• Religion and Mysticism
• Not universal traits on the reactionary right.
• Common in America.
• Less common in Europe or Latin America.

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Scapegoats of the Reactionary Right
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The Terrorist Right

• Case Europe
• Germany
• Usually street-level confrontations.
• Italy
• Random attacks by small fascist-leaning groups.
• Turkey
• Grey Wolves.
• Northern Ireland
• Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF)

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Violent Ideologies in the New Era

• The New Terrorism
• Difficult to classify as left or right
  terrorism.
• The Terrorist Left in the New Era
• Defeat of the urban guerrillas.
• A few remaining rebels in the hills.
• Some grass-roots neo-anarchist activism.
• The Terrorist Right in the New Era
• Continued scapegoating.
• Rightist ractions to unpopular agendas.