Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

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Third EditionUnderstanding TerrorismChallenges,
Perspectives, and Issues
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Chapter 9

• Emerging Terrorist Environments
• Gender-Selective Political Violence Criminal
  Dissident Terrorism

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Gender-Selected and Criminal Dissident Terrorism
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Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist Violence

• Gender-Selective Terrorism Against Men
• During conflict and unrest.
• Elimination of potential fighters.
• Cases
• Armenian genocide.
• Anfal campaign.
• Rwandan genocide.
• Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.

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Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist
Violence(continued)

• Cultural Repression and Violence Against Women
• Women as second-class citizens.
• Case Status of women in Saudi Arabia.
• Case Repression under the Taliban regime in
  Afghanistan.
• Violent cultural repression of women.
• Case Honor killings.
• Case Female infanticide.
• Case Female genital mutilation (FGM).
• Case Cleansing sexual relations.

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Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist
Violence(continued)

• Terrorism Against Women
• State terrorism against women.
• Campaigns of conquest during wartime.
• Perceived threat from an indigenous ethnic group.
• Case Rape of Nanking and comfort women.
• Dissident terrorism against women.
• By insurgents or paramilitaries.
• Case Ethnic cleansing in Bosnia-Herzegovina.
• Case Sierra Leone during the 1990s.

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Gender-Selected Victims of Terrorist
Violence(continued)

• Responding to Gender-Selective Terrorism
• No collective response until late 20th century.
• 1998 decision by the International Criminal
  Tribunal for Rwanda.
• 2001 Foca decision by the International
  Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia.

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Criminal Dissident Terrorism

• The Criminal and Political Terrorism Nexus
• Transnational organized crime and criminal
  cartels.
• Common characteristics
• Secretive.
• Antisocial.
• Underground.
• Smuggling and special-order goods.
• Selling to the highest bidder.
• Threat scenario Weapons of mass destruction.

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Criminal Dissident Terrorism(continued)

• Traditional Criminal Enterprises
• Motivated by sheer profit.
• Politically passive when left alone.
• Politically violent when challenged by
  governments.
• Cases
• Chinese Triads.
• Japanese Yakuza.
• American La Cosa Nostra.
• Russian Mafia.
• Italian Mafia.

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Criminal Dissident Terrorism(continued)

• The Logic of Narco-Terrorism
• The use of drug trafficking to advance the
  objectives of certain governments and terrorist
  organizations.
• Drug-related violence.
• Latin American narcotrafficantes.

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Regional Cases of Criminal Terrorism

• Asia
• Golden Crescent
• Golden Triangle.
• Europe
• Italian and Russian organized crime.
• The Balkan Route.
• Latin America
• Drug cartels.
• Cases Colombia. Mexico. Peru.