Third Edition Understanding Terrorism Challenges, Perspectives, and Issues

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Third EditionUnderstanding TerrorismChallenges,
Perspectives, and Issues
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Chapter 13

• Responding to Terror
• The Options

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The Scope of Options

• Use of Force
• Operations Other than War (OOTW)
• Legalistic Options

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Counterterrorist Options
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Counterterrorism and the Use of Force

• Suppression Campaigns
• Military suppression campaigns.
• Case Operation Enduring Freedom.
• Case Operation Peace for Galilee.
• Paramilitary suppression campaigns.
• Case Algeria.
• Case Colombia.
• Punitive and preemptive strikes.

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Counterterrorism and the Use of Force(continued)

• Coercive Covert Operations
• War in the shadows.
• Case The Achille Lauro operation.
• Case Assassinations.
• Special Operations Forces
• Elite military and police units specializing in
  unconventional operations.

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The Use of Force
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OOTW Repressive Options

• Nonviolent Coercive Operations
• Encompasses a number of options.
• Inherently secretive. Often creative.
• Examples
• Infiltration.
• Disinformation.
• Cyberwar

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OOTW Repressive Options(continued)

• Intelligence
• SIGINT (Signal Intelligence)
• HUMINT (Human Intelligence)
• Intelligence agencies.
• Problems of intelligence coordination.
• Enhanced Security
• Target hardening.
• Case Moroccos desert wall.
• Case Israels walls on the border.

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OOTW Repressive Options(continued)

• Economic Sanctions
• Directed against governments.
• Conditions for success.
• Cooperation must remain firm.
• Trade leaks must be controlled.
• Sanctioned regime must be made to suffer.
• Problems.
• Sanctioned regimes rarely suffertheir people do.
• Coalitions do not always remain firm.
• Leaks are difficult to control.

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Repressive Options
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OOTW Conciliatory Options

• Diplomatic Options
• Reasoned dialogue.
• Peace processes.
• Negotiations.
• Social Reform
• Responding to underlying grievances.
• Case Peru and Shining Path.
• Case Spain and ETA.

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OOTW Conciliatory Options(continued)

• Concessionary Options
• Giving the terrorists what they want.
• Examples
• Payment of ransoms.
• Releases of imprisoned comrades.
• Broadcast or publication of extremist propaganda.
• Political amnesty.

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Conciliatory Options
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Legalistic Options

• Law Enforcement and Counterterrorism
• Responding to terrorist environments.
• Terrorism as inherently criminal behavior under
  law.
• Taking the lead in investigating terrorist
  incidents.
• Police repression.
• Case The United Kingdom.

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Legalistic Options(continued)

• Domestic Laws and Counterterrorism
• Balancing the need for counterterrorist laws and
  the protection of constitutional rights.
• Cases
• USA PATRIOT Act in the United States
• Terrorist profiling in the United States.
• Suspending civil liberties in Northern Ireland.
• Counterterrorist courts in Algeria.
• Amnesty in Italy.
• Outcome of the Achille Lauro incident.

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Legalistic Options(continued)

• International Law
• Responses by the world community.
• International conventions on hijacking offenses.
• Protecting diplomats.
• Extradition treaties.
• International courts and tribunals.

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Legalistic Options