Road to Revolution

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Road to Revolution 1650-1763
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Chesapeake Society

• Very unhealthy area
• 50 died before they were 20
• Women died at a higher rate
• Lots of immigration
• Few families
• Men outnumber women significantly
• Lose morals (unmarried pregnancies)
• By 1700, Virginia was most populated colony

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Indentured Servants

• Came in huge numbers before 1660
• Due to poor economic conditions in England
• Mainly used for tobacco cultivation
• 1.5 million pounds/yr in 1630s
• 40 million pounds/yr by 1700
• 100,000 servants brought by 1700
• Made up the majority of immigrants to Va and Md
  in 17th century
• Some acquired land upon freedom
• Most didnt no voting rights

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Bacons Rebellion 1676

• Originally focused on fighting Indians
• Governor maintained friendly relations with
  Indians b/c of fur trading
• Indians attacked frontier settlements
• Bacons men defeated the Indians
• Men turned on Berkeley (gov)
• Burnt Jamestown
• Wanted to united Va, Md, and NC into one colony
• Bacon died, rebellion died too
• End result
• Showed the growing conflict between large
  planters and men who owned little/no property
• Government would rest firmly under the control of
  the planter class

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Slavery

• More popular after 1660
• Cheaper than indentured servants
• Arrived as part of Triangle Trade route
• Traveled the Middle Passage
• Stage 1 (1619-1640)
• Africans were not automatically slaves, could
  earn freedom, some did
• Stage 2 (1640-1660)
• Became slaves, based on mother, rigid class
  system
• Stage 3 (1660-1800s)
• Very strict laws ( no reading or writing)
• Racially motivated

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Steno Rebellion

• South Carolina slave revolt
• 1739
• 50 slaves involved
• Burnt plantations, killed 20 whites
• Ran away towards Spain, caught and returned

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Southern Society

• Great Planter Class
• Massive amounts of land, slaves, ruling class
• Yeoman Class
• Small farmers
• Truly self-sufficient
• Might own 1 or 2 slaves
• Landless class
• Former indentured servants
• Few roads, schools or churches

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New England

• Much better climate, healthier
• Longer life span (10 years longer than England)
• Women bore many children
• Could not own property
• (Southern women could inherit)
• Huge families
• Focused on children

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Salem Witch Trials

• 1692-1693
• Over 150 imprisoned, 20 sentenced to death
• Religious sensationalism
• Allowed spectral evidence (visions/dreams)
• Conflict was between merchant class and farmers
• Many were suspicious of commercial success and
  lax religious beliefs
• Most accused were from merchant class
• Stopped by governor 1693

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Economic Prosperity

• Based on mercantilism 1651-1750s
• Guaranteed English prosperity
• No foreign competition
• Navigation Act 1651
• Designed to hurt Dutch (3/4 of all ships in
  world)
• By 1750, policies were focused on colonies
• Trade is limited to British ships
• 1/3 were actually made in America (NE and Middle)
• Created urban areas

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Mercantilism

• Colonies used to supply raw materials, consume
  finished goods
• Goods to or from America had to pass through
  England 1st (take tariff on goods).
• Some products had to go exclusively to England
  (ex. Tobacco)
• Hurts farmers due to lower profits
• Americans could not compete with Britain
• Especially textiles
• Led to currency shortages and bullion leaving the
  colonies
• Impact

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Mercantilism
Triangular Trade
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Population

• Predicted to double every 25 years
• After 1700, natural increase
• Immigration
• 40 were slaves
• Scots-Irish
• Scottish who fled to Ireland
• Fled Ireland because land rents increased
• Came as families
• Irish Catholics
• converted to Protestants to get married
• Germans
• Most settle in Philadelphia/Pennsylvania
• Some in N.Carolina (Moravians)

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Enlightenment

• New England was literate
• Men 90, women 40
• Rest of America, 35-50
• well read
• Sir Isaac Newton
• Tried to relate the laws of science and nature to
  government and medicine

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Benjamin Franklin

• Part of Enlightenment
• Poor Richards Almanac 1732
• Proverbs
• Retired at age 42
• Lightning rod 1752
• American Philosophical Society
• Founder of University of Pa
• First medical school

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John Locke

• Ideas are acquired not inborn
• Second Treatise of Government
• Natural rights, endowed by God
• God exists
• If God and reason conflict, follow reason
• Called Deists
• God made the universe, then left it alone
• Not about religious zealots or fanatics
• Jefferson and Franklin

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Religion

• South
• Anglican church
• Little influence on individuals
• Not very spiritual
• Founded William and Mary College

• New England
• Congregational Church
• Later, more denominations arrived

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First Great Awakening

• 1730s and 1740s
• Started by Jonathan Edwards
• Sinners in the Eyes of an Angry God
• Carried on by George Whitefield
• Traveling minister, hell fire and
  damnation sermons.
• Preached in tents and outdoor
  gatherings
• Focused on being born again

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Impact of Great Awakening

• Decline of old church, birth of new
  denominations
• New colleges founded
• Princeton, Columbia, Brown, Rutgers, Dartmouth
  College
• More African Americans and Native Americans were
  drawn to Christianity
• More prominence to women
• More religious toleration
• Spirituality was more important that doctrine

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Brown University to the left, Princeton
University below
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Log Colleges Great Awakening

• College of New Jersey Princeton, 1746
  Presbyterian
• Kings College Columbia, 1754 Anglican
• Rhode Island College Brown, 1764, Baptist
• Queens College Rutgers, 1766, Dutch Reformed
• Dartmouth College, 1769, Congregationalist

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Colonial Culture

• Artists
• John Trumbull (artist of Am. Rev)
• Charles Peale
• John Singleton Copley
• Benjamin West
• Had trouble find clients in America
• Travelled to Europe to train

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Paul Revere, painted by John Copley
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General Washington before Battle of Trenton,
painted by John Trumbull
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Signing of the Treaty of Paris by Benjamin West
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President Thomas Jefferson, By Charles Wilson
Peale
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More Culture

• Architecture
• Georgian Style
• Dutch Colonial
• Literature
• Phyllis Wheatley
• Slave
• Educated by masters (NE)
• Wrote poetry
• 1st published African American poet

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Georgian Architecture, Colonial Williamsburg
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Dutch Colonial Home, built 1740
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Peter Zenger Case

• Wrote editorial regarding corrupt governor of New
  York
• Charged with libel
• His lawyers, Andrew Hamilton, convinced the jury
  to consider the truth of the information in the
  editorial
• Established freedom of press

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Colonial Government

• 8 colonies had royal governors
• 3 colonies had governors appointed by proprietors
• 2 colonies elected governors (RI Ct)
• All had a bicameral legislature
• Upper house appointed by crown or proprietors
• Lower house was elected by landowners
• Controlled taxes and governors salaries

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Competing for a Continent

• 1600-1763

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French Canada

• dominated by fur traders
• Des Moines Baton Rouge
• Detroit 1701
• LaSalle explored the Mississippi River
• New Orleans 1718

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King Williams War

• English and colonists v. French
• 1690
• Cruel war
• English and French refused to commit major troops
• Actually Indians v. colonists (plus Iroquois)
• End result, bloody war with no change of territory

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Queen Annes War

• 1702
• England v. French and Spanish
• French attacked border towns in New England
• Spanish attacked southern border towns
• Almost took Charleston SC
• Americans realized their dependence on England
  for protection

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King Georges War

• 1740
• England v. France and Spain
• Americans tried to invade Canada
• Took Louisbourg
• Peace treaty gave Louisbourg back to French
• Americans were outraged
• Resultno real dominant European force in America

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French and Indian War/Seven Years War

• 1754
• Conflict arises over Ohio River Valley
• Britain/colonists v. French
• Fort Duquesne (French) located near Fort
  Necessity (English)
• G. Washington fired the first shots
• Forced to surrender

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Albany Plan of Union

• 1754
• Proposed by Franklin
• 7 colonies participated
• Wanted to keep Iroquois neutral
• Wanted to create some form of colonial unity
• Grand Council
• All colonies would have representation
• Executive officer appointed by crown
• Rejected by colonies and Crown

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War Begins

• Braddock commanded British troops
• Alienated Indians
• Defeated by, mortally wounded by French
• British were unsuccessful against French
• Firmly controlled Nova Scotia
• Forced Acadians to leave, went to Louisiana,
  became Cajuns
• French were winning
• Army
• Indians
• Canadians
• Americans did not wholeheartedly join the contest

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• By 1757, British are losing
• Pitt took control of Britain
• Focused on Canada
• Relied on Americans to fight, British paid
• Drove French from interior by 1759
• Conquered Quebec 1759, Montreal 1760

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Treaty of Paris 1763

• France ceded all North American territories
• Britain received all land east of Mississippi
  River
• Spain received all land west of Mississippi,
  including New Orleans
• France was allowed to keep West Indies

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RESULTS OF THE WAR Imperial Crisis for Britain

• Greatly larger colonial empire in North America
• Huge war debt
• Resentment toward colonists
• Need for reorganization of
• American empire
• George III (ruled 1760-1820)

King George III
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Effects of the War on the American Colonials
1. It united them against a common enemy for the
first time.
2. It created a socializing experience for all
the colonials who participated.
3. It created bitter feelings towards the
British that would only intensify.