Modern Surveying equipment:

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Modern Surveying equipment Total Station
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Objectives

• At the end of this session, the learner will be
  able to
•  
•   

• Define Total Station
• List the components of a Total station
• Describe the principle of Electronic distance
  measurement
• Show the temporary adjustments of Total station
• State the functions of Micro processor in the
  Total station
• Explain the advantages and limitations of Total
  Station

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What is the recent news about our Munnar?!!
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Recap Surveying

• It is the art of making measurements of
  objects on, above or beneath the ground to show
  their relative positions on paper.

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Modern surveyors help

1. the police and crime scene investigators
2. they predict Earthquakes
3. use computer imaging and satellites to monitor
   environmental change
4. they map the ocean floors
5. they tell you where your land ends and your
   neighbours begins..

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Surveyors transform ideas into plans and plans
into reality..

• The following statements briefly indicate what
  they actually do.
• Who owns what?.. Cadastral Surveying
• Quick, I need a dam.. Engineering
  Surveying
• Getting wet.. Hydrographic Surveying
• Going underground.. Mining Surveying
• Drawing the map.. Geographic
  Information system
• Birds - eye view. Photogrammetrists

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Conventional Instruments

• Chain and Tape
• Fig. 1.Chain

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• Compass
• Fig. 2 Compass

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• Dumpy Level
• Fig.3 Level

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• Theodolite
• Fig 4 Theodolite

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General Revolutionary changes have
taken place in last few years in surveying
instruments. This has become possible because
of introduction of Electronics in these
measurements. With rapid advancements in the
technology and availability of cheaper and
innovative electronic components, these
instruments have become affordable and easy to
use.
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Fig.5 Sokkia Electronic theodolite
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Fig.6 Evolution from theodolite to various types
of Total stations (Leica Geosystems)
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Total Station (TS)

• It is a combination of an electronic theodolite
  (transit), an electronic distance meter (EDM) and
  software running on an external computer known as
  a data collector.
• A total station is an optical instrument used
  in modern surveying and archaeology as well as by
  police, crime scene investigators, private
  accident reconstructionists and insurance
  companies to take measurements of scenes.

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Salient features of modern TS TS is a
fully integrated equipment that captures all the
spatial data necessary for a three-dimensional
position fix. The angles and distances are
displayed on a digital readout and can be
recorded at the press of a button. Total station
is usually operated by a surveyor assisted by a
labourer or geodesist who carries the target pole
to the points of detail to be surveyed. Various
components of a typical TS are shown in Fig.6.

 
Fig. 6
Parts of Total Station
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Total Station

• Electronic transit Reads and stores horizontal
  and vertical angles
• Uses EDM to measure and store the distance of
  points
• Points can be stored in the instrument using
  computer
• fig.7Total
  station

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Electronic distance measuring (EDM)

• Boomerang??
• A beam of light is shot from the Total station,
  reflects off a prism directly above the point of
  interest, back to the total station, which
  records the travel time to get the distance to
  the point.

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Components of a Total Station

• EDM
• Electronic theodolite
• On-Board Micro-processor
• Data Collector
• Data Storage
• Prisms

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Micro-processor

• Averages multiple angle measurements
• Averages multiple distance measurements
• Computes horizontal and vertical distances
• Corrections for temp, pressure and humidity
• Computes all the X, Y and Z coordinates

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Specifications

• Range
• Reflector less 3 70 meters
• Single Prism 1 3000 m
• Accuracy
• Angles 1 - 5
• Distance 3mm (with prism)
• 4mm (with out)
• Data Storage 5000 points

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Angles in the Vertical Plane
Vertical angles are referenced to the plumb
line. Therefore 90 and 270 are horizontal
0
350
10
340
20
330
30
320
40
310
50
300
60
290
70
280
Angles are usually measured in degrees, minutes,
and seconds
80
270
90
260
100
250
110
240
120
230
130
220
140
210
150
200
160
190
170
180
Plumb Line
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Angles in the Horizontal Plane
Horizontal angles are relative values.
Consequently zero is normally aligned with the
site grid, commonly called North In this case
horizontal angles equate to directions or
bearings.
N
0
350
10
340
20
330
30
320
40
310
50
300
60
290
70
280
80
W
E
270
90
260
100
250
110
240
120
230
130
220
140
210
150
200
160
190
170
180
S
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Slope Distances
Distance units are in metres.
It is possible to have a visible laser beam which
can be useful indoors
IR mode has high accuracy, long range, and
measures to a specific point. Personal access
is required to the target point.
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Slope Distances
Reflector less mode requires no prism. Range up
to 160m. Distance units are in metres
What is measured here?
Reflector less mode can measure to inaccessible
points, but be careful about pointing and beam
interruptions!
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Slope Distances
The inbuilt software computes the HD and VD from
the SD and the VA
SD
VA
VD SD Cos(VA)
HD SD Sin(VA)
TH
IH
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Setting up of Total Station and Setting out
Application pre-settings F1 Name of job F2
Name of setup station F3 Orientation F4 Begin
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• Advantages of Total Station over Conventional
  instruments
• Traditional survey methods are laborious and time
  consuming
• Fully automatic electronic measurement
• Digital display of staff reading and distance
• Data storage in instrument possible
• Direct transfer to personal computer of data
  stored in instruments
• Online operation through integrated interface to
  computer

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• Disadvantages
• Total stations are dependent on batteries and
  electronics. The LCD screen does not work well
  when it is cold.
• Battery life is also short, batteries and
  electronics both do not work well when wet.
• Loss of data is an important consideration.

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Recap

• In this session we learnt to
• Define Total Station
• List the components of a Total station
• Describe the principle of Electronic distance
  measurement
• Show the temporary adjustments of Total station
• State the functions of Micro processor in the
  Total station
• Explain the advantages and limitations of Total
  Station

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References

• Anderson, J.M. and Mikhail, E.M., 1998, Surveying
  theory and practice , WCB McGraw-Hill Boston.
• Dayanithi,P.,2008, Genesis of Modern Surveying
• sfrc.ifas.ufl.edu
• www.una.edu

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• Questions
• Now or office hours

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HAVE A NICE DAY