Sub-Groups of American History

1
Sub-Groups of American History

• Leaders of our past for key groups
• throughout American History

2
Life in the Colonies

• Puritans valued family, literacy, parental
  direction.
• Chesapeake colonies had shorter life span due to
  disease and had fewer children with fewer
  families.
• Indentured servants were used more than slaves
  40 of indentured servants die before they
  achieve their freedom. As economics changed in
  Europe, fewer people needed indentured servants,
  so slavery became the new option.

3
Life in the Colonies

• Men were in the power positions, and situations
  like Anne Hutchinson or the Salem Witch Trials as
  moments when women attempted to influence
  government.
• In the Puritan society, the women had no
  decision-making ability they could be be member
  of the church (like the men) but the women still
  could not vote.
• Thanksgiving with Squanto and the Pilgrims
  Pocahontas and John Smith King Philips War are
  examples of culture clash.

4
Pocahontas (1595-1617)

• A Powhatan tribal member, she saved John
  Smiths life. She later marries and Englishman
  and goes to England and received royally. She
  becomes ill and dies there.

5
Squanto (1585-1623)

• In Plymouth colony he was made Gov. William
  Bradford's Indian emissary. He was credited
  with participating the 1st Thanksgiving

6
Anne Hutchinson (1591-1643)

• She held unorthodox views that challenged the
  authority of the clefty and views the very
  integrity of the Puritan experience in
  Massachusetts Bay Colony.

7
King Philip (1675)

• Also known as Metacom, this Wampanoag chief
  planned an attack for 13 years by planning
  alliances with other tribes against the Puritans.
  The Puritans got the Iroquois to join them and
  King Philip was defeated. A higher of
  colonists were killed in this war than the
  American Revolution War later.

8
Father Junipero Serra (1713-1784)

• Founded the 1st Catholic settlement in California
  in the mid-18th century.
• Franciscan priest who traveled from Spain to
  Mexico to set up missions, some of which became
  San Diego San Francisco.

9
Olaudah Equiano (1745-1797

• Kidnapped as a boy from Africa, Equiano survived
  the Middle Passage to live a life of a slave.
  Later he bought his freedom and became an
  abolitionist in England.
• He wrote The Interesting Narrative of Olaudah
  Equiano
• The 18th century was the busiest time of the
  slave trade, as over 6 million people were
  brought over. By the end of the 1700s, slaves
  made up 80 of the Caribbean colonies.

10
Tecumseh (early 1800s)

• Shawnee chief, along with his brother The
  Prophet, pushed for Indian alliances among
  tribes and the English. In the Battle of
  Tippencanoe, William Henry Harrison defeats The
  Prophet and the hope of the Indians.
• The Great Spirit gave this great land to his red
  children.

11
Crispus Attucks

• As a member of the Liberty Boys, he led colonists
  against the Redcoats in Boston he becomes one
  of 5 who were killed in the Boston Massacre.
• This Attucksappears to have undertaken to be
  the hero of the night and to lead this army with
  bannersup to King Street with their clubs This
  man with his party cried, Do not be afraid of
  them! He had hardiness enough to fall in upon
  them! John Adams account of the Boston
  Massacre.

12
Life in the New Nation

• After the American Revolution, the population was
  doubling every 25 years. There was also a
  migration west.
• After indentured servant volunteers decreased
  and the cotton gin was invented, slavery became
  the major source of manpower in the South.
• The growth of markets for farm products in the
  cities, coupled with the liberal land policies of
  the federal government let to steady growth in
  staple agricultural crops.
• Before 1815, there were not many public schools
  most education was private.
• Women were considered unfit for academics.

13
Life in the New Nation

• In 1808, trade for slaves through the Middle
  Passage was outlawed, if not always obeyed. Slave
  marriages were not recognized and slave families
  could be separated when slaves were sold down
  the river towards New Orleans.
• The Native Americans had split on their
  loyalities during the French-Indian War. During
  the American Revolution, most had sided with the
  French.
• Thomas Jefferson was one of the first to consider
  the idea of moving the Indians to a reservation
  system.

14
Phyllis Wheatley (1753-1784)

• 1st great woman poet, whose poetry revolved
  around her faith and religious themes. When her
  first poetry book was published, many did not
  believe a former slave had written it. John
  Hancock vouched for her authorship.

15
Sacajawea (1804)

• 15 year old wife of a French fur trader, this
  Mandan Indian maiden (with her baby son) went
  along with Lewis Clark to serve as an
  interpreter.

16
Abigail Adams (1744-1818)

• If particular care and attention is not paid to
  the ladies, we are determined to foment a
  rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by
  any laws in which we have no voice, or
  representation.

17
Dolly Madison

• Dolly saved many important documents and a
  portrait of President Washington when the British
  burned the Capitol during the War of 1812.

18
Life in the Jacksonian Antebellum Eras

• There was a movement to allow all white males to
  vote (versus just the land-owning gentry) under
  Jackson Age of the Common Man.
• Free blacks in the South were usually excluded
  from the polls, and even in Northern states.
• Jackson supported the removal of all Indian
  tribes to west of the Miss. River. The Indian
  Removal Act (1830) and the refusal to enforce the
  Worcester v. Ga Supreme Court case sealed their
  fate.

19
Life in the Jacksonian and Antebellum Eras

• Europeans such as Alex Touqueville described
  Americans as being restless, compulsive joiners
  of groups, committed to progress, hard-working,
  hard-playing, and driven to acquire wealth.
• These Americans talked of equality, but the
  reality of the system led to class society and
  mob incidents.
• The Transcendentalists began in Concord, Mass.
  Led by Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau,
  and Emily Dickinson repudiated the repression of
  society, the use of civil disobedience, and the
  lessons learned from nature.
• Manifest Destiny is completed in President Polks
  adminstration.

20
Life in the Jacksonian and Antebellum Eras

• Protestant Revivalism became a powerful force,
  including Charles Finneys Social Gospel.
• Womens temperance movements started in 1826,
  though many immigrants fought it.
• Dorthea Dix, Seneca Falls, and the Abolitionist
  Movement began during this period.
• Birth rates began to drop, especially in cities.
  Children were more economic liabilities than
  assets. Immigration increased in the cities.
• The 1st Industrial Revolution occurs, and for the
  1st time, there were more wage earners than
  self-employed Americans. King Cotton took over
  in the South. Gabriel Prosser, Denmark Vesey,
  and Nat Turner planned to lead slave revolts.

21
Sequoyah

• Cherokee man, also known as George Guess
  created the 1st written language for a Native
  American tribe.
• It was a syllabury, based on syllables rather
  than letters.

22
John Ross (1830s)

• Cherokee chief who won Worcester v. Georgia, only
  to watch President Andrew Jackson refuse to
  support the decision. Chief Ross later was forced
  to lead his tribe on the Trail of Tears to
  Oklahoma.

23
Cult of Domesticity v. The Lowell Mill

• Cult of Domesticity The prevailing view in the
  early 1800s that a womans roles were to be
  housework, child care, and teaching.
• Lowell Mill hired women for less pay than men
  (though it did pay more than teaching). Theyd
  work 13 hours a day. They later organized the 1st
  strike by women workers.

24
Clara Barton

• Clara served as a nurse during the Civil War and
  later started the Red Cross.
• She went to Andersonville Prison in Georgia to
  identify graves of fallen Union prisoners.

25
Dorthea Dix (

• As a prison and asylum reformer, she focused on
  rehabilitation treatment for the sick and
  imprisoned.
• Injustice is also done to the convicts it is
  certainly very wrong that they should be doomed
  day after day and night after night to listen to
  the ravings of manmen and madwomen.

26
Elizabeth Cady Stanton

• Attended the National Anti-Slavery Society and
  befriended Lucretia Mott.
• They held the womens rights convention in Seneca
  Fall, New York in 1848.
• We hold these truths to be self-evident that
  all men and women are created equal.

27
Lucretia Mott

• With Elizabeth Stanton, she planned the Seneca
  Falls Womens Right Convention. She gave the
  opening speech closing speech.
• She was a Quaker!
• She and her husband later became a stop on the
  Underground RR.

28
Sarah Angelina Grimke

• These sisters were daughters of a slave owner in
  South Carolina. These ladies began to speak for
  the abolition of slaves.
• Angelina wrote An Appeal to Christian women of
  the South that spelled out the evils of slavery.
• The Massachusetts clergy criticized the ladies
  for assuming the place tone of man as public
  reformers.

29
Emily Dickinson

• Part of the Transcendentalism Movement in the
  mid-1800s, Alcott joined Ralph Waldo Emerson and
  Henry David Thoreau in the belief of living a
  simple life and celebrating the truth found in
  nature and in personal emotion and imagination.

30
Elizabeth Blackwell

• In 1849, she became the 1st woman to graduate
  from a medical college.
• She later opened the Infirmary for Women and
  Children.

31
Sojourner Truth (1797-1883)

• Isabella Baumfree was born a slave, but became on
  July 4, 1827, when New York abolished slavery.
  She then traveled the country preaching and
  arguing for abolition of slaves.
• Aint I a woman? I could work as much as eat as
  much as a manand bear the lash as well. Aint I
  a woman?

32
Nat Turner (1800-1831)

• Slave preacher who was moved by the story of
  Moses leading the Israelites out of slavery. He
  leads a revolt that leads to many deaths,
  including his own.

33
Harriet Tubman (1820-1913)

• Known as Black Moses, she led 300 people to
  freedom on the Underground RR after the Fugitive
  Slave Act.
• A 40,000 bounty was put on her for her capture!
• She later served as a spy for the North during
  the Civil War.

34
Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)

• Abolitionist who wrote Uncle Toms Cabin in 1852.
  
• Later, during the Civil War, Stowe met President
  Lincoln who said So this is the little lady who
  made the big war.

35
Henry Box Brown (1815-???)

• Slave who got his friends to mail him to
  freedom from Virginia to the Abolitionist Society
  in Philadelphia.
• He spent 28 hours in a 4 foot box with biscuits
  and water.

36
Frederick Douglass (1818-1895)

• Former slave who spoke wrote eloquently about
  abolition of slavery.
• Published the North Star newspaper.
• Pushed President Lincoln for emancipation of
  slaves during Civil War.

37
Civil War, Reconstruction, New South

• Shermans total warfare devastated life in the
  South 10 of the men had died, property had been
  destroyed, value in slaves was lost, land was
  confiscated, carpetbaggers scalawags attempted
  to dominate, and the Ku Klux Klan begins to limit
  the rights of the newly freedmen.
• Boss Tweeds Tammany Hall dominated local city
  politics and Confederate leaders were prohibited
  from holding office or voting.
• Corruption in Grants time, Election of 1876, and
  Clevelands tenure led to increased power by
  Congress.

38
Civil War, Reconstruction,New South

• Henry Gradys idea of the New South led to an
  expanse of business and industry, rather than
  just agriculture in the South.
• Robber Barons such as Andrew Carnegie, John D.
  Rockefeller, Cornelius Vanderbilt, J.P. Morgan
  gain great wealth in their monopolies.
• Skyscrapers, immigrants, Ellis Island, Statue of
  Liberty become big parts of America.
• Social Gospel for better health, education and
  living conditions (besides spritual salvation)
  became the focus of those like Jane Addams.

39
Civil War, Reconstruction,New South

• Temperance Movement (Carrie Nation) and Labor
  Unions (Samuel Gompers) begin to grow. Also
  missionaries for White Mans Burden becomes a
  goal for North America.
• Industrial Revolution with Thomas Edison,
  Alexander Graham Bell, etc. occurs.
• Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois become
  leaders in the Separate but Equal time.
• Latin American trade increases under President
  Hayes 1st ideas of a canal through Nicaragua is
  proposed.
• Native Americans win Little Big Horn but lose
  the war and are forced onto reservations.
• Mark Twain becomes the writer of the age.

40
David Farragut(1801-1870)

• The most famous Hispanic of the Civil War and the
  1st to achieve the rank of admiral.
• He captured many Confederate ships and secured
  New Orleans for the Union during the war.

41
Chief Joseph (1840-1904)

• Leader of the Nez Perce Indians, who led 750
  people 1400 miles in a flight to Canada from the
  U.S. Army.
• Treat all men alike. Give them all the same law.
  Give them all an even chance to live and grow.
  All men wer made by the same Great Spirit Chief.

42
Sitting Bull (1831-1890)

• Sioux chief who defeated George Custer at Little
  Big Horn in June 1876.
• Sitting Bull later joined Buffalo Bill Codys
  Wild West Show that toured the world.

43
Geronimo (1829- 1909)

• Chief of the Apaches, he was the last leader to
  surrender in the Red River War it was one of the
  bloodiest Indian conflicts.

44
Booker T. Washington (1856-1915)

• President of Tuskegee Institute
• Saw education as key during the Separate But
  Equal time
• 1st African-American to be invited to a White
  House dinner (TR)
• 5 Finger Speech

45
W.E.B. Dubois

• Founder of the Niagara Movement (later the
  NAACP), Dubois disagreed with Booker T.
  Washington on how to move against the separate
  but equal mandate of the Supreme Court in the
  1890s.
• Souls of Black Folk was his greatest writing,
  and it called for a demand in equality for
  African-Americans and to educate the Top 10 of
  African-Americans in universities.

46
Ida Wells (1880s)

• Born into slavery, she moved to Memphis after
  emancipation. She worked as a teacher and
  newspaper editor.
• This is what opened my eyes to what lynching
  really was. An excuse to get rid of Negroes who
  were acquiring wealth and property and thus keep
  the race terrorized.

47
George Washington Carver(1864-1943)

• Great educator and scientist, Carver taught at
  Tuskegee Institute and help diversify farming
  techniques such as
• Crop rotation
• Peanut usage
• Soybean usage
• Sweet potato usage

48
Susan B. Anthony(1820-1906)

• Worked for womens rights for 50 years.
• Wrote a weekly paper The Revolution, which
  stressed the importance of womens suffrage.
• Shes on the silver dollar coin.

49
Margaret Sanger (1920s)

• As a nurse, she opened the 1st clinic for women
  and the distribution of birth control
  information.
• She later founded the group that became Planned
  Parenthood.

50
Populists- Roaring Twenties

• Populists wanted a silver standard, a graduated
  income tax, rural postal system, public ownership
  of RR, telephone, telegraph, 8 hour workday, 1
  single 6-year term for the President, and direct
  election of U.S. Senators.
• Jane Addams Hull House helped settle new
  immigrants from Greece, Germany, Italy, Poland,
  and Russia.
• Progressives led to Hepburn Act (inter-state
  commerce) and Pure Food Drug Act (1906)

51
Populists Roaring Twenties

• Baseball and basketball are launched as major
  leagues.
• Progressives included honest government, economic
  regulation, environmental concerns including
  building and controlling the Panama Canal (which
  was completed in 1914).
• National American Woman Suffrage Association,
  leading to the 19th amendment in 1920.
• The Prohibition movement led to the 18th
  amendment, which outlawed alcohol.

52
Populists-Roaring Twenties

• Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vazetti were
  immigrants who were admitted anarchists, who were
  tried for murder and robbery. Their trials were
  seen as being unfair after their convictions.
• Flappers represented the wild, urban times
  after WWI. The younger generations reaction to
  the death and destruction of the War to End All
  Wars occurred during this time that 51 of the
  U.S. population lived in urban areas (the first
  time that had happened). Margaret Sangers birth
  control discussions were controversial.
• There was a Great Migration of African-Americans
  to the cities as the separate but equal life in
  the South as tenant farmers sharecroppers had
  left many to move to better lifestyles.
• The 1920s saw a continuance of Mexican workers
  to the U.S. and the start of massive immigration
  from Puerto Rico to New York.

53
Louis Armstrong

• 1st great African-American trumpet player and
  band leader.
• Armstrong made personal expression a vital part
  of jazz performance.
• When I get to the Pearly Gates, Ill play a duet
  with Gabriel. Well play Sleepy Time Down
  South. He wants to be remembered for his music
  just like I do.

54
Bessie Smith

• Probably the greatest vocalist of the 1920s
  during the Harlem Renaissance, she became the
  highest paid African-American performer in 1927.
• The Harlem Renaissance was a time of great social
  and cultural changes that occurred during the
  Roaring Twenties.

55
Marcus Garvey (1887-1940)

• Called for a separate society for
  African-Americans. He later encouraged people to
  move back to Africa. His legacy was one of an
  awakened black pride, economic independence, and
  reverence for Africa.

56
Aimee Semple McPherson(1920s)

• A Los Angles-based preacher who used flowing
  Satin robes and a theatrical delivery to preach
  her conservative religious views. She later was
  one of the 1st ministers to use the radio for her
  sermons against evolution.

57
Edna St. Vincent Millay

• The quintessential modern, young woman of the
  1920s, this flapper lived a bohemian life in
  Greenwich Village, NY.
• My candle burns at both end it will not last
  the night But ah, my foes, and oh, my friends
  it gives a lovely light!- First Fig by Millay.

58
Georgia OKeefe

• Great painter of the 1920s, she is best known
  for her paintings of flowers and the grandeur of
  New York City.
• I will make even busy New Yorkers take time to
  see what I see in flowers.

59
Langston Hughes

• A leader of the Harlem Renaissance, Hughes imbued
  his poetry with the rhythms of the jazz and blues
  music of the age.
• Dreams of freedom and equality were themes in his
  work.

60
Duke Ellington (1899-1974)

• One of the greatest composers of the 20th
  century, he also led the band at Harlems Cotton
  Club for many years.
• Ellington plays the piano, but his real
  instrument is his band.

61
Amelia Earhart(1897-1937)

• 1st woman to fly across the Atlantic Ocean the
  1st to receive a pilots license.
• She attempted to fly around the world at its
  widest point, but lost radio contact around the
  Pacific islands.
• She inspired girls to consider non-traditional
  careers.

62
Great Depression- 1960s

• African-Americans suffered more than any other
  group during the Great Depression. 40 were still
  sharecroppers who were hurt by the initial AAA
  plans of the New Deal.
• The Indian Reorganization Act restored tribal
  ownership of lands, recognized tribal
  constitutions, and gave loans to help develop
  tribal lands under the CCC plan.
• Few programs of the New Deal were designed to
  help the Mexican American workers, and many were
  replaced by white Americans who had lost their
  other jobs.
• Housewives learned to make do with what they
  had for their families at home, while their
  husbands traveled around, looking for work.

63
Great Depression 1960s

• FDRs Fireside Chats were weekly radio programs
  that encouraged the Americans that the only
  thing we have to fear is fear itself.
• Truman begins the de-segregation of society by
  ordering the military to end its segregated
  units.
• Brown v. Board of Education (1954), Little Rock
  Guardsmen, March on Washington I Have a Dream,
  Civil Rights Act, Voting Registration Act were
  passed to begin Civil Rights era.
• Malcolm X Black Power Movement (Stokely
  Carmichael) also starts up.
• Cult of feminine domesticity re-emerged after
  Rosie the Riveter movement of WWII.

64
Great Depression-1960s

• Cesar Chavez starts the United Farm Workers
  Organizing Committee to unionize Mexican-American
  workders.
• Native Americans start AIM (American Indian
  Movement) in 1968. In the 1970s, they will begin
  to bring lawsuits.
• The Feminine Mystique by Betty Friedan argued
  that middle-class society stifled women and did
  not let them use their talents. She attacked the
  cult of domesticity and formed the National
  Organization of Women (NOW). They pushed
  (unsuccessfully) for the E.R.A. amendment to be
  passed by Congress and the states.

65
Eleanor Roosevelt (1884-1962)

• Niece of Teddy Roosevelt, Eleanor married
  Franklin and thrived in the role of First Lady.
  She spoke out on issues such as child welfare,
  housing reform, Tuskegee Airmen, and equal rights
  for women minorities.
• She later served as the U.S. ambassador to the
  U.N.

66
Dorothea Lange (1895-1965)

• A documentary photographer during the Great
  Depression, Langes images showed the sufferings
  of the rural poor in our nation.
• One should really use the camera as though
  tomorrow youd be stricken blind.

67
Frances Perkins (1882-1965)

• After witnessing the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory
  fire in 1911, she pledged to fight for labor
  reforms, especially for women.
• She later became the 1st woman to serve in the
  Cabinet she was the Sec. of Labor for FDR.

68
Flannery OConnor (1925-1964)

• Born in Savannah, OConnors stories of the South
  dealt with strange, unusual characters and
  spiritual thoughts about deep issues.
• Most famous work Its Hard to Find a Good Man

69
Jackie Robinson

• 1st African- American to play Major League
  Baseball.
• 1st ever Rookie of the Year winner.
• Born in Cairo, Ga.
• Spoke to Congress for racial equality

70
Thurgood Marshall (1908-1993)

• Winning lawyer of the Brown v. Bd. Of Education
  case.
• 1st African-American to serve on the U.S. Supreme
  Court.
•  In recognizing the humanity of our fellow
  beings, we pay ourselves the highest
  tribute.Thurgood Marshall

71
Rosa Parks

• In 1955, Rosa was arrested in Montgomery, Alabama
  for not giving up her seat to a white passenger.
  Her case led to a bus boycott led by Dr. King,
  Jr.
• Ms. Parks won the Congressional Gold Medal in
  1999- the nations highest civil honor. Bill
  Clinton said, Her action that December day was,
  in itself, a simple one but it required uncommon
  courageRosa Parks short bus trip, and all the
  distance she has traveled in the years since,
  have brought the American people ever closer to
  the promised land we know it can truly be.

72
Martin Luther King, Jr.

• Civil Rights Movement of Non-Violence
• Led SCLC
• Won Nobel Peace Prize
• Got LBJ to sign Civil Rights Bill Voting Rights
  Act

73
Malcolm X

• Led Black protest movement, allowing for violent
  responses to prejudice. Later, hes killed by his
  former group.
• A man who believes in freedom will do anything
  under the sun to acquire . . . or preserve his
  freedom."

74
Rita Moreno (1950-)

• One of the few people to win an Oscar, a Tony, an
  Emmy, and a Grammy throughout her long career.
• Her most famous role was in the movie version of
  the musical Westside Story.
• She has been one of the leading entertainers of
  the past century.

75
Cesar Chavez (1927-1993)

• As a son of a migrant worker in the 1930s,
  Chavez attended 37 elementary schools in his
  career.
• Later, he led boycotts as a union leader to get
  better pay and conditions for workers. His
  efforts led to a national farm workers union
  that used non-violent strikes and boycotts for
  improvements for these migrant workers.
• I really hadnt thought much about what I was
  going to do, but I had to do something.

76
1970s- Present

• Jimmy Carters presidency found its greatest
  success in human rights and world peace
  initiatives.
• Sandra Day OConnor was appointed by President
  Reagan to be the 1st woman to serve on the U.S.
  Supreme Court.
• Jesse Jackson (Rainbow Coalition) became the
  1st serious African-American candidate in 1984.
• The Americans with Disabilities Ace was passed in
  1990 to bar discrimination based on physical or
  mental disabilities.
• Women serving in combat units in the military
  began.

77
1970s- Present

• Geraldine Ferraro (1984) Sarah Palin (2008)
  become the 1st women ever to run for the
  Vice-President. Hillary Clinton becomes the 1st
  serious woman candidate for President (2008).
• Anti-Immigration laws (Arizona Georgia) are
  strengthened to deal with illegal aliens and
  our borders.
• After 9/11, Homeland Security is created to
  protect the U.S. from terrorist attacks. This
  includes greater scrutiny of travelers to our
  country.
• Barack Obama (2008) is the first African-American
  to be elected as President.

78
Gloria Steinem (1934-)

• Founder of Ms. Magazine, she was a leader of the
  feminist movement of the 1970s. (The Ms. title
  was used to replace Miss and Mrs..
• 1n 1971, her group, the Womens Political Caucus,
  encouraged women to run for political office.
• I have yet to hear a man ask for advice on how
  to combine marriage and a career.

79
Phyllis Schlafly

• A leading conservative thinker who led the
  resistance against the Equal Rights Amendment.
  She moved the debate from political economic
  issues to cultural ones that attacked the social
  order.
• The U.S. Constitution is not the place for
  symbols or slogans it would be a tragic mistake
  for our nation to succumb to the tirades and
  demands of a few women who are seeking a
  constitutional cure to their personal problems.

80
Red Power (Alcatraz)

• In November, 1969, an 18 month occupation of the
  island of Alcatraz was held by Native Americans
  they demanded it to be given back and used to
  build an Indian university and cultural center.
  They were removed in June, 1971.
• Later, President Nixon did return 48,000 acres to
  the Taos Indians.

81
Russell Means (1960-1970s)

• Leader of the American Indian Movement (AIM), he
  organized the Trail of Broken Treaties and
  delivered to Washington D.C. building for the
  Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA).
• In 1975, Congress passed the Indian
  Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act,
  which gave tribes greater control over their
  people.

82
Roberto Clemente(1934-1972)

• 1st Hispanic elected to the Baseball Hall of
  Fame.
• Played for the Pirates for 18 years, won 12
  Golden Gloves in a row, and an MVP award.
• He died taking supplies to Panama and was awarded
  the U.S. Presidential Medal of Freedom.

83
Henry Aaron

• Broke Babe Ruths Home Run Record
• Withstood racial prejudice while breaking the
  record
• Silver Bat Award is named for him

84
Sarah Day OConnor (1980s)

• President Reagan chose OConnor to be the 1st
  lady to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court.
• The power I exert on the court depends on the
  power of my arguments, not on my gender.

85
Andrew Young

• Martin L. Kings entourage with Jesse Jackson
  John Lewis
• U.S. Representative to the United Nations.
• Mayor of Atlanta

86
Bill Richardson(1947-)

• 1st Hispanic to hold the postion of U.S.
  ambassador to the U.N. Hes also been a
  Congressman 1st Hispanic to be governor of New
  Mexico. He also ran for President in 2008.
• He has been nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize
  three times in his life.

87
Hillary Rodham Clinton

• From serving as First Lady to U.S. Senator to
  Presidential candidate, to serving as Sec. of
  State for President Obama, she has played a vital
  role in American politics since the 1990s.

88
Barack Obama

• 1st African-American President
• 4th president to win Nobel Peace Prize
• National Health Care Bill is passed
• Promised Change

89
The End