The Republic of China (Taiwan)

1
The Republic of China (Taiwan)
2
Republic of China 1912

• First republic in Asia
• First president Sun Yat-sen (1866 - 1925)

3
ROC Constitution (1946)

• First constitutional president (1948 - 1975)
  Chiang Kai-shek (1887 - 1975)
• Defeated by CCP in 1949
• Retreated to Taiwan
• Authoritarian rule for a quarter century

4
ROC Government

• President (4-year term after 1996)
• The Five Yuan
• Executive Yuan
• Legislative Yuan
• Judicial Yuan
• Examination Yuan
• Control Yuan
• 2 Provinces and 18 counties

5
Taiwan before 1949

• Immigration from mainland China for centuries
  (Fujian and Hakka)
• 1885, Qing government promoted Taiwan from
  prefecture to province
• 1895, ceded to Japan
• 1945, returned to Republic of China
• Taiwanese versus mainlanders
• Fujian 70, Hakka 15, mainlanders 13

6
Taiwan Islands

• Area 13,900 square miles
• Population 24 million

7
Chiang Kai-sheks Rule

• Popular elections at the basic level
• Land reform
• 9-year compulsory education
• Economic take-off from 1960s
• Export processing zones attract foreign direct
  investment
• Industrialization strengthens manufacturing sector

8
Chiangs One-China Policy

• Mainland was temporarily usurped by communist
  bandits
• Gloriously retake the mainland
• Refused diplomatic relations with any country
  that recognized PRC
• ROC was a permanent member of UN Security Council
  until 1971

9
Lee Teng-hui (1923 - )

• Succeeded Chiang Kai-sheks son as president of
  ROC and chairman of GMD in 1988
• The first popularly elected president of ROC in
  1996
• Power transition in 2000
• Chen Shui-bian

10
Chen Shui-bian (1950 - )

• Leader of the pro-independent Democratic
  Progressive Party
• President of ROC 2000-2008
• In jail since 2008 parole since 2015

11
Presid. Ma Ying-jeou 2008-2016

• 2nd power transition (from DPP to GMD) and
  democratic consolidation
• Improved relationship with mainland China
• Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement signed
  in 2010
• Met with President Xi Jinping of China in
  Singapore in 2015

12
President Tsai Ing-wen 2016-

• Democratic Progressive Party leader
• First female president of ROC
• Inauguration Calling Donald Trump

13
Diplomatic Tug of War

• 180 countries recognize PRC (Beijing) as the
  legitimate government of China
• 8 (49) 32 (59) 49 (69) 113 (79) 129 (89)
• 15 countries recognize ROC (Taipei) as the
  legitimate government of China

14
US Official Policy

• US government shifted diplomatic recognition from
  ROC to PRC in 1979
• US congress passed Taiwan Relations Act in 1979
• American Institute in Taiwan
• Taipei Economic and Cultural Representative
  Offices in US

15
Economic Ties

• Trade and investment expanded rapidly despite
  restrictions by ROC government
• Workaround Hong Kong and Macau
• Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement (ECFA)
  was signed in 2010
• In 2018, over 40 of Taiwan's exports go to
  Mainland China and Hong Kong
• 19 of imports are from mainland China

16
Hong Kong

• Hong Kong SAR

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Land People

• 422 square miles
• Hong Kong Island
• Kowloon Peninsular
• New Territories
• Outlying islands
• 7 million residents
• 95 Chinese

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Brief History

• HK Island was occupied by UK in 1841
• New Territories on 99-year lease in 1898
• Occupied by Japan during World War II
• Shanghai enterprises fled CCP forces in late
  1940s
• industrialization of Hong Kong
• One of the four Asian Tigers

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Negotiations with UK

• Deng Xiaoping 1 country, 2 systems
• PRC Constitution of 1982 S.A.R.
• PRC UK Joint Declaration in 1984

20
Handover to PRC

• 7th National Peoples Congress adopted Basic Law
  of HKSAR in Beijing in 1990
• Became Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of
  PRC in July 1, 1997

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Basic Law of Hong Kong SAR

• Stipulated in PRC-UK Joint Declaration in 1984
• Drafted by a committee with members from both
  Hong Kong and mainland
• Adopted by 7th NPC in Beijing in 1990
• Came into effect on July 1, 1997
• Constitutional document for HKSAR

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3 Principles in the Basic Law

• One Country, Two Systems
• Capitalist system and way of life shall remain
  unchanged for 50 years (B.L. A5)
• High Degree of Autonomy
• Hong Kong People Running Hong Kong

23
One Country, Two Systems

• Legal system (British common law) shall be
  maintained, except for any law that contravene
  the Basic Law and subject to amendment by the
  legislature (B.L. A8)

24
High Degree of Autonomy

• HKSAR enjoys executive, legislative, and
  independent judicial power, including that of
  final adjudication (B.L. A2)

25
HK People Running HK

• executive authorities and legislature shall be
  composed of permanent residents of Hong Kong
  (B.L. A3)
• public servants must be permanent residents of
  Hong Kong, with some exceptions

26
Central Peoples Government

• responsible for defense and foreign affairs
  relating to HKSAR (B.L. A13-14)
• authorizes HKSAR to conduct relevant external
  affairs on its own (B.L. A13)
• HKSAR shall be responsible for the maintenance of
  public order
• 11 PRC laws apply to HK (B.L. A18)

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Rights and Freedoms

• freedom of speech, of the press, of publication,
  of association, of assembly, of procession, of
  demonstration, of communication, of movement, of
  conscience, of religious belief, of marriage..
• the right and freedom to form and join trade
  unions, and to strike

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3 Branches of Political Structure

• Chief Executive
• Carrie Lam (2017-)
• non-partisan
• Legislative Council
• Court of Final Appeal

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S/election of CE Legco

• Shall be specified in the light of the actual
  situation in the HKSAR and in accordance with the
  principle of gradual and orderly progress (B.L.
  A45 A68)
• The ultimate aim is the election of the Chief
  Executive and all the members of the Legislative
  Council by universal suffrage (B.L. A45 A68)

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S/election of Chief Executive

• 1,200-member Election Committee
• industrial, commercial, and financial sectors 1/4
• the professions 1/4
• labor, social services, religious, other 1/4
• Legco, HK deputies to NPC, etc. 1/4
• Carrie Lam (2017 - 2022)
• no more than two consecutive terms

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S/election of Legislative Council
Elected by 1998 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016
5 geographical constituencies 20 24 30 30 35 35
29 functional constituencies 30 30 30 30 35 35
Election committee 10 6 0 0 0 0
Total 60 60 60 60 70 70
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Since 1997

• Freedoms and rights substantially intact
• dissident groups
• Judicial system remains the same
• Weak executive and strong civil service
• Lack of political skills
• Multiple political parties
• Pro-establishment versus pro-democracy
• New localist groups

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Hong Kongs Competitiveness

• Geographic location
• one of the best deep-water ports in the world

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Worlds Freest Economy

• exports and imports each (over half a trillion
  US) greater than GDP
• GDP per capita (PPP) higher than in U.S.
• no VAT, sales tax, or capital gains tax
• only 3 types of income are taxed
• profits, salaries, and property
• but
• 30 live in public housing

35
Influence on Mainland China

• Main source of direct investment each way
• Hong Kong bodies of law and expertise
• Hong Kong attracts talents from mainland
• Hong Kong radios, TV, newspapers, magazines, and
  Internet on mainland