Slayt Basligi Yok

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The Theoretical Basics in Learning and Teaching
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Three basic theories of learning behaviorism,
cognitivism and constructivism
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Behaviorism Based on observable changes in
behavior. Behaviorism focuses on a new behavioral
pattern being repeated until it becomes
automatic..
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Cognitivism Based on the thought process behind
the behavior. Changes in behavior are observed,
and used as indicators as to what is happening
inside the learner's mind.
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Constructivism Based on the premise that we
all construct our own perspective of the world,
through individual experiences and schema.
Constructivism focuses on preparing the learner
to problem solve in ambiguous situations.
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Watson focused on stimuli in the environment
and responses or behaviors of people or
organism. His major idea was that the complex
behaviors of adults were built on the elementary
foundation of the simple inborn reflexes of
infants continually refined through life
experiences.
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The theory of behaviorism concentrates on the
study of overt behaviors that can be observed and
measured.
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It views the mind as a "black box" in the sense
that response to stimulus can be observed
quantitatively, totally ignoring the possibility
of thought processes occurring in the mind.
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Some key players in the development of the
behaviorist theory were Pavlov, Watson, Thorndike
and Skinner.
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Pavlov (1849 - 1936) Stimulus and Response Items
of Pavlov's Experiment Food Unconditioned
Stimulus Salivation Unconditioned Response
(natural, not learned) Bell
Conditioned Stimulus Salivation Conditioned
Response (to bell)
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Other Observations Made by Pavlov Stimulus
Generalization Once the dog has learned to
salivate at the sound of the bell, it will
salivate at other similar sounds. Extinction If
you stop pairing the bell with the food,
salivation will eventually cease in response to
the bell.
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Other Observations Made by Pavlov Spontaneous
Recovery Extinguished responses can be
"recovered" after an elapsed time, but will soon
extinguish again if the dog is not presented with
food. Discrimination The dog could learn to
discriminate between similar bells (stimuli) and
discern which bell would result in the
presentation of food and which would not.
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Learning theories have generally agreed on two
processes or types of conditioning that are
important to human learning and development
Classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
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The sight or smell of food produced salivating
behavior gtgtgt unconditional reflexes The bell
ringing gtgtgt conditional reflex
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Operant conditioning is a learning process that
depends on rewards and punishment
(reinforcement). Behavior gtgtgtgt good gtgtgt
reinforced with rewards
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