Function and Structure Notes Mi Espacio

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Function and Structure Notes Mi Espacio

• A Proficiency Planning Document

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Function Getting to Know Someone
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• Structure Question words
• Use question word vocab at the beginning of the
  sentence to ask ?.
• Quién es la maestra?
• They do not say DO in questions just use the
  correct form of the verb.
• To ask a question without a question word, simply
  place the verb before the subject Vas tú a la
  clase?
• Question Words
• Cómo?How?/What? De dónde?From where?
• Qué ?What? Quién / quiénes?Who?
• Cuál / cuáles? Which?Cuándo?When?
• Dónde?Where? Por qué?Why?
• Cuánto(s)?How much/many?

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• Structure Personalized Question and Answer
• PQA is used to get to know someone in a
  Spanish-speaking country.
• These questions and answers must be memorized by
  doing so, you will look much smarter in Spanish
  than you really are.
• Questions and Answers (Preguntas y respuestas)
• Cómo te llamas? ? Me llamo Scott.
• De dónde eres? ? Soy de Newport.
• Cuántos años tienes? ? Tengo quince (15) años.
• Dónde vives? ? Vivo en Newport.
• Cómo estás? ? Estoy bien / mal / regular.
• Cómo eres? ? Soy alto, flaco, y popular.
• Qué es ésto? ? Es un libro.

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Function Exchanging Numbers with someone who is
hot
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• Structure Using cardinal numbers
• Counting in Spanish is as easy as counting in
  English you just use different words to express
  each number.
• Use Mi número es or Mi teléfono es
• 1. Uno 16. diez y seis 31. treinta y uno 900.
  Novecientos
• 2. Dos 17. diez y siete 40. cuarenta 1,000.
  un mil
• 3. Tres 18. diez y ocho 50. cincuenta 1,000,000.
  un millón
• 4. Cuatro 19. diez y nueve 60. sesenta
• 5. Cinco 20. veinte 70. setenta
• 6. Seis 21. veintiuno 80. ochenta
• 7. Siete 22. veintidós 90. noventa
• 8. Ocho 23. veintitrés 100. ciento / cien
• 9. Nueve 24. veinticuatro 200. doscientos
• 10. Diez 25. veinticinco 300. trescientos
• 11. Once 26. veintiséis 400. cuatrocientos
• 12. Doce 27. veintisiete 500. quinientos
• 13. Trece 28. veintiocho 600. seiscientos
• 14. Catorce 29. veintinueve 700. setecientos

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• Examples
• 57 cincuenta y siete
• 11 once
• 125 ciento veinticinco
• Practice
• 65
• 32
• 99
• 26
• My number is 867-5309

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Function Talking about your stuff
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• Structure Nouns (singular and plural)
• A noun is a word that represents a person, place,
  thing or concept.
• To make most nouns plural in Spanish, add an s
  if the word ends in a vowel (a, e, i, o, u).
• If a word ends in a consonant (any letter other
  than a,e,i,o,u), add an es.
• If a noun (or adjective) ends with the letter
  z, the z becomes a c when plural and you
  add an es. Lápiz lápices.
• Examples
• El coche los coches
• El árbol los árboles
• La actriz las actrices

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• Structure Adjectives and Noun/Adj. Agreement
• An adjective is a word that describes a noun.
  Good bueno
• Spanish adjectives generally follow the nouns
  that they modify. El coche rojo.
• Nouns that end in O are masculine and most
  nouns that end in A are feminine. THIS IS
  IMPORTANT for AGREEMENT
• Spanish adjectives must agree in GENDER and in
  NUMBER with the nouns they modify.
• Most adjectives can be spelled 4 different ways
  in Spanish
• Bueno ? Bueno, buena, buenos, buenas. They all
  mean the SAME thing.
• Some adjectives that end in E can only be made
  plural by adding an S

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• Structure Possessive Adjectives
• Possessive adjectives are words that let people
  know to whom or to what something belongs.
• Unlike most adjectives, these are ALWAYS found
  BEFORE the nouns that they modify.
• These words are adjectives they must match the
  nouns that they modify.
• Possessive Adjectives
• Mi /mis my
• Tu / tus your
• Su / sus his /her
• Nuestro/nuestros/nuestra/nuestras our
• Su / sus their

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• Structure The verb SER
• SER means to be and is used to describe people,
  places, and things.
• Remember to change the verb SER to match which
  subject you are using.
• For IT or THEY, when referring to objects, use
  the forms ES or SON.
• The forms of the verb SER are
• Yo soy ? I am.
• Tú eres ? You are.
• Él/ella/Usted es ? He/she/You(form) is / are.
• Nosotros somos ? We are.
• Ellos/ellas/Ustedes son ? They/You all are.

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• Examples
• Mi ipod es negro.
• Su cama es alta.
• Nuestras escuelas son divertidas.
• Practice
• Their friends are nice.
• Your girlfriend is ugly.
• My poster is tall.
• Our desks are fat.
• His chair is short.

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Function Setting your mood or posting your
status
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• Structure The verb ESTAR
• ESTAR means to be and is used to describe
  feelings and location.
• Remember to change the verb ESTAR to match which
  subject you are using.
• The forms of the verb ESTAR are
• Yo estoy ? I am.
• Tú estás ? You are.
• Él/ella/Usted está ? He/she/You(form) is / are.
• Nosotros estamos ? We are.
• Ellos/ellas/Ustedes están ? They/You all are.
• For IT or THEY, when referring to objects, use
  the forms ESTÁ or ESTÁN.

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• Examples
• Estoy triste.
• Ella está deprimida.
• Ustedes están enojados.
• Practice
• My friends are worried.
• We are surprised.
• I am embarrassed.
• You are happy.
• She is mad.

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Function Saying what you and your friends are
doing
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• Structure Subject Pronouns
• The subject is the person, place, thing or idea
  that DOES the verb.
• Subject pronouns are words used to represent the
  subject in a sentence.
• Subject pronouns include I, you, he, she, it,
  we, they.
• In Spanish, these pronouns are
• I Yo
• You Tú
• He Él
• She Ella
• You (formal) Usted
• We Nosotros / Nosotras
• They Ellos / Ellas
• You all Ustedes

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• Structure Present tense AR verbs
• Verbs are the action or power words in a
  sentence they describe what someone is doing.
• In Spanish, verbs must be changed (conjugated) to
  match the person (subject) using the verb.
• There is nice, easy pattern to these changes
  (conjugations) of the verb.
• Simply memorize the pattern in order to conjugate
  verbs.
• Remember YOU MUST CHANGE THE VERBS TO MATCH THE
  SUBJECT!

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• Pattern
• To conjugate AR verbs, you must first take the
  STEM of the verb.
• The stem of any AR verb is the INFINITIVE minus
  AR (the infinitive is the stem AR).
• HABLAR infinitive meaning to speak
• The STEM of HABLAR ? HABL
• Once you have the stem of the verb, simply add
  the ending that match each subject.
• Yo O I speak Yo hablo.
• Tú AS You speak Tú hablas.
• Él / Ella / Usted A He/She speaks
  Habla.
• Nosotros (as) AMOS We speak Nosotros
  hablamos.
• Ellos / ellas / Uds. AN They/You all speak
  Hablan.

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• Structure Present tense ER/IR verbs
• Verbs are the action or power words in a
  sentence they describe what someone is doing.
• In Spanish, verbs must be changed (conjugated) to
  match the person (subject) using the verb.
• There is nice, easy pattern to these changes
  (conjugations) of the verb.
• Simply memorize the pattern in order to conjugate
  verbs.
• Remember YOU MUST CHANGE THE VERBS TO MATCH THE
  SUBJECT!

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• Pattern
• To conjugate ER/IR verbs, you must first take the
  stem of the verb. The STEM of any ER/IR verb is
  the INFINITIVE minus ER/IR (the infinitive is the
  stem ER/IR).
• VIVIR infinitive meaning to live
• The STEM of VIVIR ? VIV
• Once you have the stem of the verb, simply add
  the ending that match each subject.
• Yo O I live Yo vivo.
• Tú ES You live Tú vives.
• Él / Ella / Usted E He/She lives Vive.
• Nosotros(as)EMOS/IMOS We live Vivimos.
• Ellos / ellas / Uds. EN They/You all live
  Viven.

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• Examples
• Yo dibujo en la clase.
• Ellos comen mucho.
• Nosotros dormimos en la cama.
• Practice
• My friends write in school.
• Your girlfriend runs through the park.
• He works in the store.
• They dream in the bed.
• We read in the library.

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Function Talking about your habits
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• Structure Adverbs
• Use these adverbs to express frequency of
  actions.
• Adverbs do not change like adjectives do!
• Siempre always
• nunca never
• rara vez rarely
• a veces sometimes
• todos los días everyday
• poco a little
• Mucho a lot / often
• de vez en cuando once in a while

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• Examples
• Mis amigos siempre leen en la biblioteca.
• Nuestra silla nunca anda.
• El mundo trabaja todos los días.
• Practice
• We rarely go for walks.
• I always watch movies.
• She never goes on dates.
• You dance often.
• They play instruments everyday.

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Function Discussing what you like or dont like
to do
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• Structure The verb GUSTAR
• You will essentially use GUSTAR like this
• I like the car Me gusta el coche.
• You like the girls Te gustan las chicas.
• She likes the drugs Le gustan las drogas.
• We like the school Nos gusta la escuela.
• They like the movie Les gusta la película.
• You will change the GUSTA to GUSTAN when
  something plural follows it.
• In front of He / She , you will need to add the
  letter a.
• All you have to do is add a verb when you want to
  talk about verbs
• Me gusta dibujar. A ella le gusta nadar. Easy!

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• Examples
• Me gustan los pantalones.
• A ella le gusta leer.
• Nos gustan los teatros
• Practice
• I like my shirt.
• They like the skirts.
• We like the shoes.
• You like to eat.
• She likes to hang out with friends.

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Function Understanding how to describe
qualities versus conditions
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• Structure The verbs SER and ESTAR
• The verbs SER and ESTAR both mean to be in
  English.
• SER Soy/Eres/Es/Somos/Son
• ESTAR Estoy/Estás/Está/Estamos/Están
• I am Soy/Estoy We are Somos/Estamos
• You are Eres/Estás They are Son/Están
• He/she/it is Es/Está
• The tricky part is to know when you should use
  one and not the other.
• The general rule of use is
• Use SER for more permanent or lasting qualities
  and ESTAR for more temporary conditions.
• How you feel and where you are, always use the
  verb ESTAR.