Taxonomy Review

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Taxonomy Review
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• Explain the role of bacteria as decomposers.
• Bacteria break down dead organisms and recycle
  the nutrients back into the soil.

Its the Great Circle of Life Simba!
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How do archaebacteria differ from eubacteria?

• Archaebacteria

• Eubacteria

• Live in harsh climates
• Mostly autotrophic
• Dont have complex cell walls
• Methanogens
• Halophiles
• Thermophiles

• Live just about everywhere
• Can be either autotrophic (cyanobacteria) or
  heterotrophic.
• Have complex cell walls

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• Name two ways in which bacteria can be helpful to
  living things? Name two ways they can cause harm
  to living things?

• Helpful
• First line of defense against bad bacteria
• We use it in food (yogurt)
• Bacteria in our intestines helps to make vitamins
  and aids in digestion.
• Recycles nutrients in the environment.

• Harmful
• Bacteria can make you sick
• Bacteria can give off acids which are harmful to
  teeth and bones.
• Bacteria can give off gases which can harm the
  environment

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• List 4 characteristics of bacteria.
• Theyre small
• They reproduce quickly
• They live everywhere
• Prokaryotic
• They can move
• They can be either
  autotrophic or heterotrophic
• They have cell walls made
  of peptidoglycan.

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What is used to fight bacterial infections?
What is used to prevent viruses?

• Bacteria ? Antibiotic

• Virus ? Vaccine

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• An antibiotic is a chemical substance derivable
  from a mold or bacterium that kills bacterial
  microorganisms curing bacterial infections.

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What is immunity?

• Immunity is the body's ability to fight off
  harmful micro-organisms PATHOGENS- that invade
  it.
• The immune system produces antibodies or cells
  that can deactivate pathogens.
• Fungi, protozoans, bacteria, and viruses are all
  potential pathogens.

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What is an infectious disease?

• An infectious disease is one in which minute
  organisms, invisible to the naked eye, invade and
  multiply within the body.
• Many of these organisms are contagious, that is
  they spread between people in close contact.

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• Active Immunity occurs when when one makes
  his/her own antibodies. This type of immunity is
  long term.

Getting the disease If you get an infectious disease (like Chicken Pox), often times, that stimulates the production of MEMORY cells which are then stored to prevent the infection in the future.                     
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Vaccination A vaccination is an injection of a
weakened form of the actual antigen that causes
the disease. The injection is too weak to make
you sick, but your B lymphocytes will recognize
the antigen and react as if it were the "real
thing". Thus, you produce MEMORY cells for long
term immunity. This provides acquired active
immunity
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Passive Immunity occurs when the antibodies come
from some other source. This type of immunity is
short term.
Breastmilk Milk from a mother's breast contains antibodies. The baby is acquiring passive immunity. These antibodies will only last several weeks.                 
                         
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• Gamma Globulin A Gamma Globulin injection
  provides passive immunity. It is purely an
  injection of antibodies that gives temporary
  immunity. You might receive an Gamma Globulin
  shot if you travel outside of the country.

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Define autotrophic and heterotrophic. Define
eukaryotic and prokaryotic. Define unicellular
and multicellular.

• Autotrophic makes its own energy,
  Heterotrophic - gets energy from someplace else.
• Eukaryotic has a nucleus, Prokaryotic no
  nucleus.
• Unicellular 1 cell, Multicellular many cells

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Shapes of Bacteria
What shapes do bacteria come in?
coccus
coccus
coccus
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How do bacteria reproduce?

• Bacteria reproduce asexually through binary
  fission or.

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• Bacteria can reproduce sexually by conjugation

http//www.youtube.com/watch?v0AnlhAYv_I0
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36.4oC

• An experiment was performed to determine the
  effect of temperature on the reproduction rate of
  some disease-causing viruses .
• The results are shown on the table below.
• At what temperature did the virus reach its
  highest reproduction rate?

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Give three reasons why viruses are not
considered living? What do viruses need in
order to reproduce?

1. They have no cell parts.
2. They are not made of cells.
3. They do not grow and develop.
4. They do not respond to their environment.

• THEY NEED A HOST in order to reproduce!

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Dead or weakened virus

• According to the passage, what is the major
  component of modern vaccines?

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Correctly draw and label the stages of viral
reproduction
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The Lytic Cycle
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The Lysogenic Cycle
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Name something that both a living cell and a
virus have in common?

• DNA or RNA

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Influenza (Flu)

• Viruses can be transmitted in a variety of ways.
• The virus that causes the common cold can be
  transmitted when an infected person cough or
  sneezes.
• This virus is transmitted in a manner most
  similar to what other viral disease?

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• People infected with the human immunodeficiency
  virus (HIV) have an increased risk of dying from
  secondary infections.
• Explain how HIV increases the danger of secondary
  infections?

HIV causes the immune system to lose its ability
to fight off infection. People with AIDS often
get sick from simple things like a cold or a
cough that can turn into something worse because
there is no immune system to fight it off.
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• HIV doesnt target just any cell, it goes right
  for the cells that want to kill it. Helper" T
  cells are HIV's primary target. These cells help
  direct the immune system's response to various
  pathogens.

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Biology March 20

• Shark Key
• Taxonomy Quiz II
• Micro Lab
• Small but deadly
• Bacteria notes

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• Define taxonomy.
• The science of naming organisms based on similar
  characteristics.
• Explain binomial nomenclature.
• The 2-name naming system created by Linneus
• Give an example of a scientific name (make sure
  you write it correctly).
• Felis concolor
• Why do we use scientific names instead of common
  names?
• So that scientists from around with world have
  one name to identify an organism. There are A
  LOT of common names but only 1 scientific name.

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Correctly label the following pictures

• Prokaryote/ Bacteria
• Virus
• Plant Cell/ Eukaryote
• Animal Cell/ Eukaryote

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Which organism in the chart below is the least
related to the other organisms? Which organisms
are the most closely related?
Most Closely Related?
Least Related?
A and everyone else
B and C
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• The scientific name of the a mountain lion is
  Felis concolor and a house cat is Felis catus.
  Based on the names, you can tell that these two
  animals belong to the same
• Same genus, different species.

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From broadest to most specific, what are the 8
taxon groups?
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List the Six Kingdoms

• Know the basic characteristics of each of the
  six kingdoms.
• multicellular,
• true nucleus,
• possess cell walls,
• must obtain food,
• representative organisms
• include mushrooms and yeast?
• Example Correctly identify the kingdom whose
  members exhibit these traits
• Multicellular eukaryotes that are usually mobile
  and obtain food from other organisms probably
  belong to what kingdom?

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The 6 Kingdoms
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Archaebacteria

• Organisms Methanogens, Halophiles, Thermophiles,
  
• Environment Extreme or Harsh places
• Cell Type Prokaryotic
• Metabolism Depending on species - oxygen,
  hydrogen, carbon dioxide, sulfur, sulfide may be
  needed for metabolism.
• Nutrition Depending on species - nutrition
  intake may by absorption, or chemosynthesis.
• Reproduction Asexual reproduction by binary
  fission
• Cell walls WITHOUT Peptidoglycan
• Mobility mobile with cilia and flagella

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Eubacteria

• Organisms Bacteria, Cyanobacteria(blue-green
  algae), Actinobacteria
• Environment everywhere!
• Cell Type Prokaryotic
• Metabolism Depending on species - oxygen may be
  toxic, tolerated, or needed for metabolism.
• Nutrition Acquisition Depending on species -
  nutrition intake may by absorption,
  photosynthesis, or chemosynthesis.
• Reproduction Asexual reproduction, binary
  fission and conjugation.
• Cell Walls with PEPTIDOGLYCAN
• Mobility mobile with cilia and flagella

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Protista

• Organisms Amoebae, green algae, brown algae,
  diatoms, euglena, slime molds
• Cell Type Eukaryotic
• Metabolism Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
• Nutrition Acquisition Depending on species -
  nutrition intake may be by absorption,
  photosynthesis, or ingestion.
• Reproduction Mostly asexual reproduction.
  Meiosis occurs in some species.
• Mobility Mobile with cilia, flagella and
  cytoplasmic streaming.

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Fungi

• Organisms Mushrooms, yeast, molds
• Cell Type Eukaryotic
• Metabolism Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
• Nutrition Absorption dead or decomposing
  matter
• Reproduction Asexual or sexual reproduction
  occur.
• Cell walls with CHITIN
• Mobility Sessile

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Plant

• Organisms Mosses, angiosperms (flowering
  plants), gymnosperms, liverworts, ferns
• Cell Type Eukaryotic
• Metabolism Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
• Nutrition Photosynthesis/autotrophic
• Reproduction Some species reproduce asexually by
  mitosis. Other species exhibit sexual
  reproduction.
• Cell Walls with CELLULOSE
• Mobility Sessile

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Animal

• Organisms Mammals, amphibians, sponges, insects,
  worms
• Cell Type Eukaryotic
• Metabolism Oxygen is needed for metabolism.
• Nutrition Ingestion/heterotrophic
• Reproduction Sexual reproduction
• Movement mobile and sessile species