??????? ??????? ???????(ENS307)

1
??????? ??????? ???????(ENS307)

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2
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??????? ?? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ????? 0.1
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??????? ???? ????? 1 ??????? . ?????? ??? ???????
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??????? ?????? ???? .
3
(No Transcript)
4
?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?????????????? ????
???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ???????? ????????
??? ??????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???
??? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????
???????? ????????. ???? ???? ??? ?? ????????
????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ????
?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ???????
?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ??
???? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????. ??????
??? ??? ?? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ??
???????? ?????? ??? ??????? Antony Van
Leeuwenhock (1632-1723) ???? ??? ???? ????????
??????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??
???? ?????????? ??????. ??????? ?? ??? ?????????
???? ????? ??????? Leeuwenhock ??? ?? ???????????
???? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???? 50
300??? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????? ????
??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???
??? ???? ??????????? ?????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????
?????? ??????????? ?????? (??? ?????? ?????? 1000
??? ) ??????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ????
??????? .
5
??? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????
?????????? ??? ??????? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???
???????? ??? ??? ????? ????? ???????? ????
??????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????
?? ??? ????????? ??????? animal-cules (??? ?????
??????? ?? ??? ?????) ????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??
. ???? ???? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????
. Spontaneous generation ??? ??????? ??????? ????
??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???????? ???? ??? ?? ???
?? ?? germ ?? ???? seed ??? ?????? ????? ??? ???
?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??
???? ????? ??? ????? ???????? Germ theory. ????
??? ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????
???????? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ????
?? ??????? ??? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????
??? ?????????? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ??
???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ???
??????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? .
??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ??????????
Lazzaro Spallanzani ??? 1765 ??? ?? ??? ?????
????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ???
????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ??????
????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ???? ? ???????
??? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????
??????? ??????? . ??? ??? ???? ??? ??????? ???
????? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???
???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ?????
.
6
??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????
?????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????
??????? ???? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????
??? ?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ???
???????? ????????? . ???? ??? ???? ??? ????????
?? ?????? ???? ?????? Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
???? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ? ???? ??
??? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???????
?????? ?????????? . ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????
?????????? ?? ?????? . ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??
???? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ???? ???? ??? ???
?????????? ?? ?????? ?????? . ??? ???? ?? ???????
???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????
?????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ?????????? ???
??????. ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????
??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????????? ???? ??? ??
??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????
??????? . ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ????
?? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????
????? ?? ??????? ? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ???
??????? Pasteurization ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????
?????? ?????? ??????? Bacillus anthracis ???? ???
???? ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ???????
. ??? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? Rabies???????
?????? . ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???
?????????????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ???????
??????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????????????
7
????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? Spores
??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ????????
???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????????? ?? ?????
???? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?????
??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? .
????? ??? ??? ?????? Tyndall (1820-1893) ???????
???? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??
??????? ??? ??????? ???? ???????? Spores ???????
???????? ??????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ????
????? ??? ????? ????????? ?? ??????? ???????
???????? ???? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ????
???? ??? ??????? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ????
????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????
Tyndallization ????? ???? ????? ??????? ??????
?????? . ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????
??? ????? ??? ?????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ???
?????????? ???? ?? ?? ?? ??? ?? ???? ???? ???
??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ?????????? ?????
????? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???????
??? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???????? ???? ??????
???? ??????? ?? ?????????? ??????? .
?????? ????? ??? Robert Kouh ??? ??? ?????????
????????????? ?????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?????
????? ????????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????
???????? ???????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??
????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ????????
????????. ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????
??? ??? ??????? ??? Koch's Postulates ?????? ???
???????? ?????? ???? ??
8
???????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??? ??????
??????????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????
? ????? ????? ??? ??????????????? ????? ????? (
??? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???
????? 400000 ??? ????? ??? ) ???? ??? ???
???????? ??????????? ???????Molecular biology ???
???? ???????? ????? ????? Watson and Crick ?? ???
1953 ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? DNA ????? ?????
????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ?????? ????????.
??? ????? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ????????
????????????? ??? ???????? ??? ??????? ?????????
????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? Recombinant
DNA Technology ????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??
???? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ? ??? ??? ????? ???
???????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????????? ?? ???
??????? ?? ???? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????????
??????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ????????
Genetic Engineering .??? ???? ???????? ?????
????? Robert Gallo ???????? ??? ????????
L-Montagnier ?? ??? 1984 ?? ?????? ??? ???????
?????? ???? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????
??????AIDS, Acquired Immunodeficiency
????? ?????????? ????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??
?????????? ???????? ? ??? ?? ??? ?????????? ??
????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ??????? ? ??????
?? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ???????
?????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????
?????????? ???????? .
9
(No Transcript)
10

• ????? ??????? ???????
• ??? ?????????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????
  ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ??????
  ??????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?? ?????? ??
  ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??? ????? ????
  ???????? ?????? . ??? ???? ?? ????? ??????
  ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????
  ???? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????.
  ??? ?? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???? ????
  ?? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ??? ???? ?????
  ?????? ???????? ????? ?? ????? ??????.

1. ??? ?????????? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????
   ???? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ?? ???
   ???? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ??
   ?????? ????? ?????0.03 ??????? ?? ???? ????
   ????? ??? ??? ????? ???? ??? ????? ??????? ??????
   Photosynthesis ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ?????
   ??? ???? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ? ??????
   ??????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ???
   ?????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????
   ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ????
   ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????????
   ????? ???? ??? CO2 ??? ???? ( ????? 10) ???
   ????? ?????? ?? CO2 ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????
   ?????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??????
   CO2 ???? ???? ??? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ???? ???
   ????? ????? ?? CO2 ???? ?????? ?? ???? ???????
   ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ??????? ??
   ??????? .

11

1. ??????? Mineralization ???? ?????????? ??????
   ???? ?? ??????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ??
   ???? ??? ????? (?????? ???????) ??? ???? ?????
   (??? ??????) ???????? ???????? . ??? ?? ????? ??
   ??????? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ??? ????? ?? ?????
   ????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??????
   ??? ???? ????? .

1. ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????
   ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????
   ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ???
   Azotobacter ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????
   ???? ??? Rhizobium ???? ?????????? ?? ?????
   ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???
   ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? .

1. ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ?????
   ?????????? ?? ?????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????
   ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ?????????? ???
   Azotobacter ??? ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????
   ???? ??? Rhizobium ???? ?????????? ?? ?????
   ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ???
   ????? ????????? ??? ???? ?? ????? ?????? .

1. ????? ???? ?? ?????? ????????? ??? ???????
   ???????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ????????
   ??????????????? . ??? ????? ?????? ?????
   ????????? ? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????
   ???????? ???????????? . ?????? ??????????? ??????
   ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??
   ???? ??????? ????????.

12

1. ????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ???
   ?????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???
   ???????? . ?????? ?????????? ???? ?? ??
   ?????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????????
   ?????????? ????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????
   ? ????? ????? ?? ?????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??
   ???? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????
   ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????
   ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????

• ?????? ????? ??????????
• ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ???????
  ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????.
• ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????????? ??? ????
  ????? ????? .
• ???? ???? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ????????
  ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ?????
  ???? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ???? ?? ??????? .
• ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ???? Toxins
  ????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ?????? ???
  ???? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ??? ??????? ????
  ????? ??? ???????? ????.

13
Thank You