Biodiversity of Animals

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Biodiversity of Animals

• Chapter 17

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Remember.

• D
• K
• P
• C
• O
• F
• G
• S

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Kingdom Animalia

• General characteristics
• Heterotrophic
• Locomotion
• Multicellular
• Life cycle where adult is diploid
• Undergoes sexual reproduction and produce an
  embryo

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Animal Diversity

• Invertebrates
• Lack an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage
• All but one animal phylum are invertebrates
• Vertebrates
• Have an endoskeleton of bone or cartilage

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Type of Body Plan

• Sac-Plan
• Incomplete digestive system
• Gastrovascular cavity
• Tube-Within-a-Tube Plan
• Complete digestive system
• Inner tube is digestive system, outer tube is
  body wall
• Two openings

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Digestive Tracts

• Incomplete
• One opening
• same opening used to take in food and get rid of
  wastes
• GVC
• Complete
• Two openings
• food is ingested at one end
• wastes from digestion passed out of the tract at
  the other end

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Level of Organization

• Cellular
• Only composed of cells
• Sponges
• Tissue
• Composed of cells and tissues
• Jellyfish
• Organ
• Composed of cells, tissues, and organs
• Us!

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Type of Body Cavity

• Acoelomate
• Lacks a body cavity
• Tissues packed closely together
• Pseudocoelomate
• Body cavity incompletely lined with mesoderm
• fluid-filled cavity that contains their organs
• Organs are free within the cavity and will move
  around easily when you manipulate them
• Coelomate
• Cavity that contains organs
• Lined with mesoderm

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Type of Symmetry

• Asymmetrical
• No particular symmetry
• Radial Symmetry
• Circular organization
• can be bisected in any plane to produce mirror
  images
• Sessile
• Bilateral Symmetry
• Definite right and left halves
• only a cut down the midline will produce mirror
  images

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Animal skeletons

• Can be
• Hydrostatic
• External
• Internal

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Reproduction

• Sexual reproduction
• egg of one individual is fertilized by the sperm
  of another
• Hermaphroditic animals
• possess both male and female sex organs
• Asexual reproduction
• single parent gives rise to an offspring that
  will be genetically identical to the parent
• Asexual reproduction of a body part!!
• Fertilization /Copulation
• Internal fertilization
• External fertilization
• Development of a fetus
• Internal
• External

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Sponges
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Sponges

• Phylum Porifera
• Saclike body with many pores
• Mainly aquatic animals
• Filter feeders
• Asexual and Sexual Reproduction
• Hermaphroditic
• Usually not self-fertilizing
• Spicules
• For internal support (endoskeleton)

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Cnidarians
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Cnidarians True Tissues

• Phylum Cnidaria
• Tubular or bell-shaped with radial symmetry
• All aquatic, mostly marine

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Cnidarians

• Cnidocytes
• Stinging cells unique to cnidarians
• Two body types
• Polyps and medusan
• Gastrovascular cavity
• Sac-like body plan

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Cnidarians

• Hydra
• Freshwater
• sac-like body plan with a single opening
• Digestion begins in gastrovascular cavity,
  completed in cells
• Can reproduce sexually and asexually (budding)

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Flatworms
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Flatworms

• Phylum Platyhelminthes
• Planarians
• Found in lakes, ponds, and streams
• Reproduce both asexually and sexually
• Regeneration (asexual)
• Hermaphroditic (sexual)
• Reciprocal transfer simultaneous transfer of
  the sperm to the genital orifice of the partner

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Flatworms

• Parasitic Flatworms
• Tapeworms
• Endoparasites
• Range in length from several millimeters to 20
  meters
• Tough integument to protect from hosts enzymes
• Scolex

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Roundworms
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Roundworms Phylum Nematoda

• Tube within a tube body plan
• Mouth and anus
• Hydrostatic skeleton
• Nonsegmented
• Some roundworms are free-living, others are
  parasitic

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Roundworms Pseudocoelomates

• Ascaris
• Move with whip-like motion
• Females are much longer than males and highly
  prolific
• Eggs enter host in uncooked vegetables, soil, or
  feces

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Coelomates

• The rest of the species that we will study are
  Coelomates
• Bilateral symmetry
• Organ level of organization
• Tube-within-a-tube body plan

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Molluscs
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Molluscs

• Second largest animal phylum
• Unique characteristics of molluscs
• Three distinct parts
• Visceral mass
• Foot
• Mantle
• Radula
• Grasping organ for feeding

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Molluscs

• Gastropods
• Nudibranchs, conchs, and snails
• Foot is flattened ventrally
• Aquatic gastropods have gills
• Terrestrial gastropods
• Mantle has lung-like function

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Molluscs

• Cephalopods
• Squid, octopus, chambered nautilus
• Foot has evolved into tentacles
• Built for speed!!
• Extremely well-developed eyes
• Complex behaviors
• Ink glands
• Secrete ink as defense mechanism

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Molluscs

• Bivalves
• Clams, oysters, scallops
• Two-part shells (valves)
• Filter-feeders
• Water enters through incurrent siphon

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Annelids
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Annelids Segmented Worms

• Phylum Annelida
• Segmentation
• Hydrostatic skeleton
• Tube-within-a-tube body plan

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Annelids Segmented Worms

• Oligochetes (Earthworms)
• Locomotion
• Contraction of longitudinal and circular muscles
• Few setae per segment
• Gas exchange is across the body wall

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Annelids Segmented Worms

• Oligochetes (Earthworms)
• Reproduction
• Hermaphroditic
• Worms lie parallel in opposite directions
• Clitellum produces mucus to keep sperm moist
• After separation, produces a slime tube
• Moves eggs and sperm together for fertilization
• Slime tube then produces a cocoon

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Annelids Segmented Worms

• Leeches
• Most live in freshwater
• Most are ectoparasites - have suckers for feeding
• Have same general body plan as other annelids
• Lack setae
• Each body ring has transverse grooves

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Arthropods
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Arthropods Jointed Appendages

• Phylum Arthropoda
• Over 1 million species have been described
• 30 million may exist (mostly insects)
• Appendages are for
• Walking, swimming, reproduction, eating, sensory
  reception
• Exoskeleton of chitin (must molt to grow)
• Well-developed nervous system
• Brain and ventral nerve cord
• Sense organs

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Arthropods Jointed Appendages

• Crustaceans
• Barnacles, shrimps, lobsters, and crabs (marine)
• Crayfish (freshwater)
• Sowbugs (terrestrial)
• Known for their hard shells
• Usual anatomy is a pair of compound eyes and five
  pairs of appendages
• Front two pairs have sensory functions
• Other three pairs are used in feeding

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Arthropods Jointed Appendages

• Insects
• Three body regions
• Head
• Sensory antennae, eyes
• Mouthparts are adapted to each insects way of
  life
• Thorax
• Three pairs of legs and the wings
• Abdomen
• Contains most internal organs

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Comparison of Crayfish and Grasshopper

• Crayfish
• Gills
• Excrete liquid nitrogenous wastes (ammonia)
• No reception of sound
• Utilize uropods when swimming

• Grasshoppers
• Spiracles and trachae
• Grasshoppers excrete solid wastes (uric acid)
• Tympanum for reception of sound
• Have legs for hopping and wings for flying

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Arachnids 6 pairs of appendages

• Scorpions
• Oldest terrestrial arthropods
• Abdomen ends with a venomous stinger
• Ticks and Mites
• Parasites
• Transmit diseases such as Rocky Mountain spotted
  fever or Lyme disease
• Spiders
• Spiders have a narrow waist that separates
  cephalothorax from abdomen
• Chelicerae have fangs that deliver poison to prey
• Silk glands for web-spinning

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vkdVvoSP8QtY
http//www.youtube.com/watch?v0LmyyXcE6rw
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Millipedes and Centipedes

• Millipedes
• Eat decaying plant matter
• two pairs of short legs per body segment
• Centipedes
• terrestrial carnivores with poison claws
• Have one pair of short legs per body segment

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Echinoderms
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Echinoderms

• Characteristics of Echinoderms
• Marine animals
• Endoskeleton made of calcium-rich plates
• Spines stick out of their skin
• Adults exhibit radial symmetry

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Echinoderms

• Sea Stars
• Found along shorelines on rocky surfaces
• Five-rayed body with mouth on underside and anus
  on upper side
• Structures project through skin
• Spines for protection
• Skin gills
• Extensions of skin for gas exchange

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Chordates
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Chordates

• Must exhibit these characteristics
• Notochord
• Dorsal tubular nerve cord
• Pharyngeal pouches
• Postanal tail

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The Chordates

• Invertebrate chordates
• Tunicates and lancelets
• Vertebrate chordates
• Fishes
• Amphibians
• Reptiles
• Birds
• Mammals

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Nonvertebrate Chordates

• Tunicates (sea squirts)
• Squirt water when their siphons are disturbed
• Live in ocean and are filter-feeders
• Larva is bilaterally symmetrical and has four
  chordate characteristics
• Adults are sessile, thick-walled, sac-like
  organisms
• The only chordate characteristics in the adults
  are pharynx and gill slits

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Vertebrates

• Characteristics
• Have four chordate characteristics at some point
  in life
• Distinguishing features
• Strong, jointed endoskeleton
• Vertebral column composed of vertebrae
• Efficient respiration and excretion

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Fishes

• Fishes First Jaws, Then Lungs
• Adapted to life in water
• Sperm and eggs released into water
• Fertilization external
• Zygote develops into swimming larval form
• Fish vs Fishes???
• 2 chambered heart
• Ectothermic
• What are fish?
• Jellyfish?
• Starfish?
• Crayfish?
• Shellfish?

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Fishes

• Three main groups/Classes of fishes
• Jawless fishes
• Cartilaginous fishes
• Bony fishes

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vO2FInaOCqoo
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Amphibians

• Jointed appendages
• Class Amphibia
• two lives
• Tetrapods
• Eyelids keep eyes moist
• Have ears
• Larynx for vocalization
• Small lungs present in adults
• Gas exchange also occurs across moist skin
• Three-chambered heart
• Ectothermic
• Large mouths and consume prey whole

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Amphibians

• Have either internal or external fertilization
• Metamorphic life cycle
• Aquatic larva (gills) - water
• Terrestrial adult (lungs) - land

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Class Amphibia

• Order Gymnophiona
• Caecilians
• Order Caudata
• Salamanders and Newts
• Order Anura
• Frogs and toads

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vwXqK5QulbJ8
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Reptiles

• Amniotic egg
• Class Reptilia
• Body is covered with scales
• Ectothermic
• Three chambered heart
• Eyelids

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Reptiles

• Amniotes
• Tetrapods that have a terrestrially adapted egg
• Amniotic egg usually buried in substrate
• Contains membranes that protect the embryo
• In reptiles, internal fertilization

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http//www.youtube.com/watch?vq7CQInAXoqYfeature
related
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Class Reptilia 4 Orders

• Order Testudines
• Turtles and tortoises
• Order Crocodilia
• Crocodilians
• Order Rhynchocephalia
• Tuataras

http//dsc.discovery.com/videos/crocodile-feeding-
frenzy-alligator-egg-hunt.html
http//www.metacafe.com/watch/198880/weird_nature/

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Class Reptilia 4 Orders

• Order Squamata
• SO Lacertilia
• Lizards
• 4 limbs and tail
• SO Serpentes
• Snakes
• Limbless
• SO Amphisbaenia
• Amphisbaenians
• Short tails
• Scales in rings
• Limbless
• Subterranean

http//www.youtube.com/watch?vUnzg7C1KJo0
http//www.youtube.com/watch?vrwRdqkEcmbs
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Birds

• Class Aves
• Amniote egg with a hard shell
• Internal fertilization, external incubation
• Forelimbs are modified as wings
• Bones are laced with air cavities
• A beak has replaced jaws
• Large sternum for attachment of flight muscles
• Air sacs to increase the efficiency of breathing
• Endothermic
• Four-chambered heart
• Cloaca

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Mammals

• Class Mammalia
• body hair and milk-producing mammary glands
• Adapted for active life on land
• Limbs that allow rapid movement
• Four-chambered heart
• Endothermic
• High level of care for the young
• Internal development (most)

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Mammals

• Monotremes
• Have a cloaca
• Egg-laying mammals
• Spiny anteater and duck-billed platypus
• Both found in Australia
• Both males and females have modified sweat glands
  and secrete milk onto body surface

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Mammals

• Marsupials
• Begin development within females body
• born very immature
• development is completed within a pouch
• Attach to nipples of mammary glands within the
  pouch
• Virginia opposum is the only marsupial species
  north of Mexico
• Mainly found in Australia

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Mammals

• Placental Mammals
• Extraembryonic membranes are modified for
  internal development

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How primates differ from most mammals

• Most are adapted for living in trees
• Limbs are mobile, hands and feet have digits
• Opposable thumbs (sometimes big toes)
• Eyes in the front of the head
• Large, complex brain
• Generally give birth to one offspring at a time
• Extended period of juvenile dependency