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America at 1800

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Title: America at 1800


1
America at 1800
  • Jefferson, Madison, and the War of 1812

2
Quiz Jefferson
  • How are Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans
    different from Hamiltonian Federalists? Vision of
    society and View of Constitution
  • Explain how the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
    are a response to the Alien and Sedition Acts.

3
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4
Quiz Jefferson's Presidency
  • America at 1800-1850 Massive Growth- in what
    areas?
  • Revolution of 1800- Federalists lose
  • Republican Values
  • Reduction of the Federal Government and Federal
    Debt
  • Less is more
  • The Supreme Court under John Marshall
  • Marbury vs. Madison
  • Louisiana Purchase
  • Burr conspiracy
  • Neutral rights
  • Impressment
  • Embargo

5
Pictures
6
Pictures
7
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8
Test items
  • Republican Vision/Jefferson/embargo/reduce the
    budget
  • Revolution of Jefferson/overturn Federal policies
  • Jefferson/a great politician
  • Ended internal taxes
  • Government spending
  • National debt
  • Jefferson and the court
  • Judiciary act of 1801
  • Mabry Vs. Madison
  • Louisiana Purchase reasons
  • Aaron Burr
  • War of 1812 causes, War Hawks/Clay/Calhoun/
  • Tecumsehs goals

9
Essay Question
  • The War of 1812 was foisted upon an unwilling
    nation by a Congress controlled by a group of
    congressmen called the War Hawks whose main
    goal was the conquest of Canada.
  • Assess the validity of this statement using the
    documents and your knowledge of US History

10
Republican Agenda 1790s
Thomas Jefferson Not elitist like Federalist Believed in the Common Man Reacting against the philosophy of the Federalists and Hamilton Pro-French, French Revolution as a great movement toward democracy Believed in the strength of the small farmer Wants to reduce the size of the Federal Government Regarding the National Bank Federal Government had no authority to create the National Bank A strict interpretation of Constitution. The constitution did not address or allow Hamilton said, the constitution allows all laws that are necessary, known as the Elastic Clause Believed in concepts of the States vs. Federal Gov
11
Sectionalism Developing
  • Northeast- Manufacturingwant to send goods West
  • Western Farmers agriculturewant to send goods
    East
  • Problem of Transportation roads, canals, river
    transportation important-1800-1850 building
    transportation networks.
  • Problem Spain controls mouth of Mississippi
    until the French reacquire Louisiana under
    Napoleon and US make the Louisiana Purchase-1803

12
American Growth
New Century Census office 1801- 5.3 million people 1820 9.5 mill 33 ? growth rate each decade Rapid Economic growth Commercial and Geographic expansion Cities- 1820 New York 100,000 Philadelphia 100,000 75 Pop Rural 5 in cities 20 in towns People moving west in search of farm land Ohio, Mississippi Valley
13
Jefferson Presidency 1801-1809
  • Lawyer, diplomat, scientist, philosopher
  • Interested in Agriculture
  • Supported innovations and technology
  • Where a new invention is supported by well-known
    principles, and promises to be useful, it ought
    to be tried.

14
How is Jeffersons Election Revolutionary or
the Revolution of 1800?
  • Peaceful transfer of power- was not common
  • It was a watershed for the Republic in that the
    opposing political parties would cooperate with a
    change in leadership
  • Some will say, changes Jefferson advocates will
    be revolutionary.
  • Jefferson as a common man- open to common people
  • Wants to remove the Federalist program and reduce
    the size of the Federal government

15
Jeffersons Social Vision
  • Wanted to see individuals own land
  • Land was the key to democracy-
  • didnt believe that cities and industry were
    ideal
  • Recognized manufacturing was necessary
  • The cultivators of the earth are the most
    valuable citizens

16
Jeffersons Plan
  • Wanted to return governing power to the states
  • Economics-
  • Thought Federalist enacted too many protective
    tariffs that hurt farmer and favored merchants
  • Hated the national debt- 112 million by 1801
  • Gallatin was his Secretary of Treasury- proposed
    cutting spending to balance the budget
  • Federal jobs, military, navy budget cut
  • End internal taxes/excise taxes

17
Quiz Jefferson and the Court
  • Judiciary Act of 1801
  • John Marshall
  • Marbury v Madison
  • Judicial Review

18
Speaking of Midnight Judges
  • Republican from Kentucky called Adamss tactics
    "the last effort of the most wicked, insidious
    and turbulent faction that ever disgraced our
    political annals."

19
Jefferson vs. The Court
  • A Federalist law is passed, Judiciary Act 1801
  • Created 16 new Federal judgeships
  • Adams appointed a number of judges before he left
    office (Midnight Appointments)
  • Jefferson pushes republican controlled congress
    to repeal the act and not seat Federalist judges
  • However the Supreme Court is packed with
    Federalist and will rule against Republican
    issues

20
John Marshall Chief Justice 1801-1835 link
  • Appointed as Chief Justice during last days of
    Adams' term
  • Most important Chief Justice in U.S. history
    served for about 34 years
  • Molded or developed the power of the Judiciary

21
John Marshall Chief Justice 1801-1835 link
  • Key leader, non-partisan Federalist
  • Strengthened the Federal Government- at expense
    of states
  • Advanced the interests of the rich
  • Supported the legality of contracts
  • Supported the concept of Federal government
    supremacy over states
  • Dartmouth Case- overrode a state court

22
Marbury vs Madison, 1803 Link
  • "Midnight judge" William Marbury sued
  • (on the behalf of several other judges) for the
  • delivery of his commission that was being held up
    by the new Secretary of State Madison.
  • Madison was ordered by Jefferson to withhold
    appointments of Judiciary Act o 1801        
  • Marbury asked the Supreme Court should force the
    president to give him his job.
  • The Judiciary Act of 1789 said Court had a the
    power to compel the executive to act
  • Marshall said 1789 Act Congress gave too much
    authority to Courtby giving the Court the right
    to enforce appointments (only the executive
    branch had right to enforce the law)
  • Ruling established a precedent
  • Supreme Court power to rule a law by Congress
    unconstitutional

Judicial Review (the concept that the Supreme
Court can rule laws unconstitutional)
23
Marshall
  • Marshall Said
  • Marbury had a right to the commission but- the
    court had no authority to order Madison to
    deliver it.

24
Louisiana Purchase
  • 1801 France again controls the Louisiana
    Territory
  • Jefferson wants to expand US territory
  • Sends James Monroe to France to Negotiate the
    purchase of New Orleans because French tried to
    close the port to Western farmers
  • Monroe signed the deal with Napoleon 1803
  • The deal created a dilemma for Jefferson, he
    believed in strict interpretation of
    Constitution, which means the government only
    does what the Constitution says it should do.
  • Contrast to Hamilton's Elastic Clause assertion

25
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26
Burr Conspiracy
  • Burr, a scoundrel, and traitor- Killed Hamilton
    in 1804 (Federalists essentially die with hammy)
  • Jefferson broke with Burr early-
  • Burr became involved with a group of Federalists
    to create a separate country 1st with New York
    and NJ then later involving Mexico. (to secede)
  • Jefferson tries to have Burr prosecuted, Burr
    eventually escapes to Europe.

27
War of 1812 Quiz
  • Choose three of the following
  • What was the Embargo
  • Who wanted it and why?
  • Who were the War Hawks
  • List three mains causes of the War of 1812-
  • What role did Andrew Jackson play in the War of
    1812

28
Winds of War
  • Longtime problem of American merchant ships being
    seized and sailors forcibly impressed into
    service by British Navy, continues
  • 1793-1811 1,000 sailors were removed from US
    ships by British
  • Chesapeake Leopard incident-
  • Jefferson/Republicans respond with the Embargo
    Act of 1807- stopping all trade-
  • Results in immediate disaster
  • American agriculture prices fall-over supply-
  • Smuggling begins and Jefferson tries to suppress
    with Navy and Troops

29
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30
Jefferson to Madison
  • Embargo didnt work
  • Jefferson never ended the national debt
  • Madison, Jeffersons Secretary of State, in
    1809-1816, is elected and Jefferson, before
    leaving office, asks Congress to repeal the
    Embargo and replace it with Non-Intercourse Act

31
Madison 1809-1816
  • Republican, Jeffersons Secretary of State
  • Picked up where Jefferson left off
  • Trying to deal with European conflicts
  • British interference with trade
    continued-seizures and impressments
  • Western incitement of Indians

32
Madison 1808-1816
  • Non-Intercourse Act 1809- in an effort to repair
    damage by the embargo
  • Congress passes law to prohibit trade with
    Britain and France, but allow trade with other
    countries
  • Americans want Neutral Trading Rights

33
War of 1812
  • Causes
  • Invasion of Canada
  • Hartford Convention
  • Conduct of the war
  • Treaty of Ghent
  • New Orleans

34
War of 1812 Causes
  • War Hawks- American Nationalists- legislators
  • advocated war with Britain to regain American
    trade
  • secure Western lands (kill Indians)
  • invade Canada
  • Speaker of the House Henry Clay of Kentucky
  • Congressman John C. Calhoun of South Carolina
  • Blamed Great Britain for inciting the Indians in
    Ohio

35
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36
Ohio Indian Trouble
  • White settlement of Ohio increases
  • 18005600
  • 1810 24, 500
  • 1820147,000
  • Indian Tribes pushed West are angry about
    treaties and White settlement

37
Quiz War of 1812
  • Who was Tecumseh- what should we know about him?
  • Hartford Convention-
  • What was it?
  • What group participated in it?
  • What did they want to do?

38
Frontier
  • Two Tribal leaders, The Prophet and Tecumseh
  • Shawnee twin brothers- wanted their people to
    resist the white invasion and live separately
  • They try to form an Indian confederation to
    resist white settlement
  • William Henry Harrison and the US Army kill
    Prophet at Prophets Town in the Battle of
    Tippecanoe 1811
  • Americans believe the British are helping the
    Indians from forts in the Ohio valley

39
Madison Wins Election 1812
  • June 1812 War is Declared
  • Federalist against the war but out voted by
    Western and Southern Republicans (War Hawks)
  • Americans Invade of Canada
  • Through Detroit
  • Great Lakes Oliver Hazard Perry- defeats a
    British fleet Lake Erie We have met the enemy
    and they are ours...two ships, two brigs, one
    schooner and one sloop." The victory secured the
    Great Lakes region for the United States and
    ended the threat of invasion from that quarter.
  • But few lasting effects

40
Presidential Election of 1812
41
Military Issues
  • British Invade through the Chessapeake and burn
    Washington D.C.
  • Fort McHenry, Baltimore Harbor, Star Spangled
    Banner
  • Hero Andrew Jackson- defeats Creek indians in the
    Mississippi area and then goes on to defend Jan.
    1815 New Orleans from invasion- great victory
    will bring him national prominence

42
Treaty of Ghent
  • Treaty of Ghent, (Belgium) signed December 1814-
  • British evacuate the Ohio Valley, no major
    consequences
  • Indians lose, usually move West , lose large
    areas of land- in Northwest
  • Rush-Bagot Agreement- de-militarized the Great
    Lakes

43
Hartford Convention 1814 (Connecticut)
  • Federalist opposition delegates from New England
    meet to discuss complaints regarding the War and
    the Republican leadership
  • Some argue for secession
  • After the War Federalist are marginalized even
    more than before.

44
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45
Quiz Madisons Economic Plans
  • Summarize the two major economic initiatives
    Madison supported-

46
The Madisonian Platform
  • After the War there is a huge feeling of
    Nationalism-
  • The idea of loyalty or devotion to a nation, or
  • Pride in ones country, usually excessive
  • Madison unveils a program to develop the country
    through the leadership of the Federal Government
  • Military, banking, protective tariffs, internal
    improvements (roads, canals), and a national
    university

47
Madisons Platform
  • Military
  • Banking- Chartering the Second Bank of the United
    States -first bank, time ran out and paper money
    issued caused inflation Bank is created 1816-
  • became economically strong
  • McCullah vs. Maryland- Marshall-ruled that the
    Bank was legal and states could not tax it.
  • Protective Tariff- During Embargo, manufacturing
    in Northeast develops, Brits produce more goods,
    cheaper, and faster
  • Textile industrialists, (Lowell) support tariff
  • Even Calhoun of South Carolina, supported the
    tariff, because of nationalistic or patriotic
    reasons.
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