Role of MEMS and nanotechnology in medical technologies - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Role of MEMS and nanotechnology in medical technologies

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Title: Role of MEMS and nanotechnology in medical technologies


1
Role of MEMS and nanotechnology in medical
technologies
2
First of all, what is MEMS ?
  • MEMS stands for Micro Electro Mechanical Systems.
  • It is a technique of combining Electrical and
    Mechanical components together on a chip, to
    produce a system of miniature dimensions ..
  • By miniature, we mean dimensions less than the
  • thickness of human hair !!!!

3
The wonder called nanotechnology
  • Nanotechnology is the technology of arranging
    atoms and molecules in a material.
  • This allows to alter the properties of a material
    and build structures of desired features.
  • A nanometer is one-billionth of a meter.
  • Nanotechnology makes it possible to manufacture
    devices 80,000 times smaller than the thickness
    of human hair !!

4
A simple analogy..
  • The atoms in an object can be compared to the
    blocks in a building game.
  • In a building game, the blocks can be arranged to
    create different looking structures.
  • Similarly, atoms can be arranged differently to
    produce a multitude of devices. This forms the
    basis of nanotechnology.

5
Benefits of MEMS and nanotechnology in medical
applications
  • Small volume of reagent samples (like blood),
    required for analysis.
  • Low power consumption, hence lasts longer on the
    same battery.
  • Less invasive, hence less painful.
  • Integration permits a large number of systems to
    be built on a single chip.
  • Batch processing can lower costs significantly.
  • Existing IC technology can be used to make these
    devices.
  • Silicon, used in most MEMS devices, interferes
    lesser with body tissues.

6
Can MEMS devices really replace the existing
medical devices ?
  • A lot of MEMS medical devices have been developed
    that are much more sensitive and robust than
    their conventional counterparts.
  • Market trends for MEMS medical devices show a
    promising future ahead.

www.edmond-wheelchair.com/ bp_monitors3.htm
http//www.sensorsmag.com/articles/0497/medical/ma
in.shtml
7
Projected MEMS market share in 2006
http//www.memsindustrygroup.org/industy_statistic
s.asp
8
Classification of biological MEMS devices
  • Biomedical MEMS deals in vivo, within the
    host body.
  • precision surgery
  • Biotelemetry
  • Drug delivery
  • Biosensors and other physical sensors
  • Biotechnology MEMS deals in vitro, with the
    biological samples obtained from the host body.
  • Diagnostics
  • gene sequencing
  • Drug discover
  • pathogen detection

9
MEMS Sensors
  • MEMS sensors in the biomedical field maybe used
    as
  • Critical sensors, used during operations.
  • Long term sensors for prosthetic devices.
  • Sensor arrays for rapid monitoring and
  • diagnosis at home.

10
MEMS and nanotechnology in precision surgery
11
MEMS and endoscopy
  • What is endoscopy ?
  • A diagnostic procedure which involves the
    introduction of a flexible device into the lower
    or upper gastrointestinal tract for diagnostic or
    therapeutic purposes.
  • Conventional endoscopes
  • Can be used to view only the first
  • third of the small intestine.
  • Require sedation of patient
  • Is an uncomfortable procedure

http//www.mobileinstrument.com
http//www.surgical-optics.com/new_autoclavable_ri
gid_endoscope.htm
12
MEMS redefines endoscopy with Lab on a Pill
  • Size 35mm
  • Components of lab on a pill
  • Digital camera (CMOS Technology)
  • Light source
  • Battery
  • Radio transmitter
  • Sensors (MEMS Technology)
  • Requires no sedation
  • Can show a view of the
  • entire small intestine
  • Can aid in early detection
  • of colon cancer

http//www.spie.org/web/oer/august/aug00/cover2.ht
ml
http//www.see.ed.ac.uk/tbt/norchip2002.pdf
13
Working of this magic pill !
  • The pill is intended to be swallowed like any
    normal pill.
  • Once within the body, the pill's sensors sample
    body fluids and pick up "meaningful patient data"
    such as temperature, dissolved oxygen levels and
    pH.
  • The pill is expected to retrieve all data over a
    12-hour period and disposed off, once excreted.
  • This data is transmitted wirelessly to a card
    attached
  • to the wrist of the individual.

14
Micro-surgical tools
  • Present day surgeons operate within a domain
    restricted by the mobility and control of the
    surgical tools at hand.
  • MEMS surgical tools provide the flexibility and
    accuracy to perform precision surgery.

15
MEMS driven scalpels
  • Precise control of the scalpel is an important
    requirement in any surgery.
  • MEMS piezoelectric motor help to accurately
    position the scalpel.
  • MEMS pressure sensors incorporated on the
    scalpel, can help to measure the force exerted on
    the area operated upon. Accordingly, the scalpel
    can he handled.

http//www.ee.ucla.edu/jjudy/publications/confere
nce/msc_2000_judy.pdf
16
Ultrasonic MEMS cutting tool
http//www.ee.ucla.edu/jjudy/publications/confere
nce/msc_2000_judy.pdf
  • These tools make use of piezoelectric materials
    attached to the cutter.
  • Consist of microchannels to flush out the fluid
    and debris while
  • cutting.
  • Can be used to cut tough tissues, like the
    hardened lenses of
  • patients with cataract

17
Skin Resurfacing
  • Skin resurfacing is a form of cosmetic surgery
    that is often used to aesthetically enhance the
    appearance of wrinkles, skin lesions,
    pigmentation irregularities, moles, roughness,
    and scars.
  • Conventional resurfacing techniques involve the
    use of
  • Dermabraders devices or tools used in plastic
    surgery.
  • Chemical peels chemicals such as glycolic acid.

18
Drawbacks of the conventional approaches in skin
resurfacing
  • May cause excessive bleeding
  • Often require time-consuming procedures
  • Require multiple sessions.
  • Lightened pigments at the operated site
  • Furthermore, chemical peels cannot be
  • used for removal of lesions with
  • significant depth.

19
MEMS skin resurfacing tools
  • Though still not commercially available, MEMS
    tools have been found to overcome many drawbacks
    present in the conventional techniques.
  • They can be used to remove raised skin lesions as
    well as lesions upto certain depths.
  • These MEMS structures are packaged
  • onto rotary elements and used
  • over the affected areas.
  • The debris can then be sucked out
  • using a suction pump.

http//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd
RetrievedbPubMedlist_uids12787986doptAbstrac
t
20
Micro/Nano Robots in medical field
  • These are micro/nano scale devices capable of
    treating and eliminating medical problems.
  • Such problems may arise due to the accumulation
    of unwanted organic substances, which interfere
    with the normal body functions, such as
  • Tumors
  • Life threatening blood clots
  • Accumulation of scar tissue
  • Arterial blockage
  • Localized sites of infection.

21
Considerations before introducing the robots into
the body.
  • The robot size should be smaller than the
    diameter of the artery .
  • The robot should not damage the arterial walls as
    it
  • traverses through it.
  • The robot can be introduced into the body through
    the circulatory system of the body.
  • The femoral artery in the leg would be the most
    suited, because it is a large diameter artery and
    is traditionally used to introduce catheters in
    the body.

22
Removal of the diseased area
  • Fatty material deposited on the arterial walls
    causing artery blockage, can be physically
    removed using nanoblades.
  • Physically shredding tumor can pose a great
    threat. The pieces can be carried to other
    locations and result in furthering of cancerous
    cells.
  • One effective approach to kill the cancerous
    cells would be to enclose the entire tumor in a
    nano box and destroying everything in the box.

www.foresight.org/.../Gallery/ Captions/Image201.h
tml
23
A Graphical Representation of nanorobots working
in a blood vessel, to remove a cancerous cell
www.e-spaces.com/portfolio/ trans/blood/
24
  • MEMS and drug delivery

25
MEMS microneedles
  • MEMS enables hundreds of hollow microneedles to
    be fabricated on a single patch of area, say a
    square centimeter.
  • This patch is applied to the skin and drug is
    delivered to the body using micropumps.
  • These micropumps can be electronically controlled
    to allow specific amounts of the drug and also
    deliver them at specific intervals.
  • Microneedles are too small to reach and stimulate
    the nerve endings, and hence cause no pain to the
    body.

gtresearchnews.gatech.edu/ newsrelease/NEEDLES.htm

http//www.pharmtech.com/pharmtech/data/articlesta
ndard/pharmtech/022004/80733/article.pdf
26
Smart Pill
  • A MEMS device that can be implanted in the human
    body.
  • Consists of
  • biosensors
  • Battery
  • Control circuitry
  • Drug reservoirs
  • The biosensors sense the substance to be
    measured, say insulin.
  • Once this quantity falls below a certain amount
    required by the body, the pill releases the drug.

http//mmadou.eng.uci.edu/
27
Challenges for MEMS medical sensors
  • Biocompatibility remains the biggest hurdle for
    MEMS medical devices.
  • Life of the device.
  • Retrieving data out of the device.
  • Resist drifting along with the body fluids.

28
Acknowledgements
  • This effort is based upon work partially
    supported by the National Science Foundation
    under Grant No. 0239262 and The Florida Hi-Tech
    Corridor Workforce Training grant
  • Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or
    recommendations expressed in this material are
    those of the author(s) and do not necessarily
    reflect the views of the National Science
    Foundation or the Florida HiTech Corridor
    Workforce Training Grant.

29
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