The Pros of Hybrid Vehicles

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The Pros of Hybrid Vehicles

• By Nicolas Silveira
• Chelita Borbon
• Vanessie Christensen
• Elizabeth Goulet

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The Hybrid Car

• By Nicolas Silveira

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Brief History of Hybrids
- A hybrid vehicle that uses two or more distinct
power sources to move a vehicle.
- Hybrid technology for the use of automobiles
has been around since the late 1800s with
combination of electric and steam power or
electric and combustion engines.
- The 1970s oil crisis brought hybrid prototypes
in response to high gas prices. Not very
commercially viable.
- In 1997 the Toyota Prius was introduced in
Japan and later introduced to the United States
in 2000. This was the first commercially mass
produced hybrid.
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How Hybrids Work
- The figure in the slide depicts a Hybrid
electric vehicle (or HEV) that uses a gasoline
engine as the main source of power, and an
electronic engine as supplemental power that
increases efficiency of the vehicle.
- The electric battery component is usually made
out of lithium ion or nickel metal hydride.
- Include systems that recapture energy from
braking, and converting it to electricity to be
stored in the battery. Also known as regenerative
braking.
- Emphasis on aerodynamic design and the use of
lightweight materials for vehicle composition and
components in order to maximize fuel efficiency.
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Alternative Hybrid Engine Uses

• Aircraft
• Ground operations of next generation Boeing 737s
  use hybrid electric drives that reduce fuel
  consumption.
• According to the RITA Bureau of Transportation
  Statistics, approximately 12,800 MILLION gallons
  of jet and aviation fuel was consumed in 2009.
• Railway
• Use rechargeable energy storage technology (high
  capacity batteries) which captures energy from
  regenerative breaking.
• Companies such as GE and Hitachi have fully
  functional lines of hybrid trains that reduce
  emissions and fuel consumption.
• Currently the United States, Japan, and the
  United Kingdom have all implemented hybrid train
  use.

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The Hybrid Battery

• By Chelita Borbon

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Hybrid Car Batteries
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The Most Commonly Used Hybrid Car Battery

• Nickel Metal Hydride
• NiMH in my different versions of hybrid cars,
  and have different variations in the amount of
  energy they produce. This is because manufactures
  are testing to see what version of the NiMH
  battery is most effective.
• NiMH batteries are also proven to be less toxic
  than our Lead-Acid batteries commonly used in
  non-hybrid cars.
• Examples shown Prius, Highlander, Fordescape
• Other Examples not shown Honda Insight, Saturn
  Vue

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Toyota Prius Hybrid Battery(Nickel Metal
Hydride)
The Prius produces 201.6 volts of energy.
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Ford Escape Hybrid Battery
. The total energy of the battery pack is 330
volts.
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Toyota Highlander-NiMH
Produces 500 volts. This battery pack provides 40
percent more power than the Prius battery,
despite being 18 percent smaller.
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Progression Lithium Ion Batteries

• A NiMH battery carries twice as much energy per
  pound over the conventional Lead-Acid battery
  that is in the average car.
• The Li-ion cells hold roughly twice as much
  energy per pound as do the previous generation of
  advanced batteries, nickel-metal-hydride
  batteries which is the standard battery in most
  hybrids today.

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Lithium-ion vs. Nickel-Metal Hydride

• 30 percent smaller
• 50 percent lighter
• Two to three times the power for the same mass,
  greater acceleration and fuel efficiency
• Three to four times the energy for the same mass,
  greater electric-only vehicle range and fuel
  efficiency
• Two to three times faster recharge
• Enhanced cycle life (battery operating life)

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Environmental Impacts

• Carbon Nanotube Batteries (Shenyang National
  Laboratory for Materials Science)
• Coating the anode of a lithium ion battery with a
  nanotube membrane, they could extend the storage
  life and discharge capacity.
• Possibility of recharging in minutes
• Extending the life indefinitely
• Cutting the cost of Hybrids
• According to the Environmental Defense
• Lead
• Nickel Metal Hydride
• Lithium Ion

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How Are Hybrid Batteries Recycled?

• Toyota and Honda both reclaim and recycle nearly
  100 of their hybrid batteries-
• Toyota Motor Corporation (TMC), Toyota Chemical
  Engineering Co., Ltd. (Toyota Chemical
  Engineering), Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd.
  (Sumitomo Metal Mining) and Primearth EV Energy
  Co., Ltd. (PEVE) launched the worlds first
  business to recycle nickel in used hybrid-vehicle
  nickel-metal-hydride batteries for use in new
  nickel-metal-hydride batteries.

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How are Hybrid Batteries Recycled? continued

• The two companies also offer a 200 incentive for
  hybrid car owners to return their batteries On
  the hybrid battery is a a phone number for hybrid
  car owners to locate drop off locations as well
  as receive their reward/incentive for returning
  the battery.
• Lithium recycling plants are already in the
  works!
• Umicore

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Hybrids reduce pollution

• By Vanessie Christensen

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Greenhouse Effect

• Occurs naturally
• Humans have substantially increased the amount of
  GHGs in the atmosphere
• Altering the composition of the atmosphere
  influencing climate

• GHGs come from human activities natural
  sources
• Carbon Dioxide

Burning Fossil Fuels, Automobiles!
Volcanoes, Forest Fires, Biological Processes
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Figure 1. Source Samaras and Meisterling 2008.
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The Combustion Process
Gasoline and diesel fuels are mixtures of
hydrocarbons (H, O, and C atoms), which are
burned by combining with oxygen.
Fuel
Air
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen oxides (NOx)
Water
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Carbon Monoxide (CO)
N and S atoms are also present and combine with
O when burned to produce gases. Hence, automotive
engines emit several types of pollutants
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Air Pollutants Released from Combustion in
Vehicles

• Carbon Monoxide(CO) a colorless, odorless,
  poisonous gas
• 2/3 of the carbon monoxide emissions come from
  transportation sources, with the largest
  contribution coming from cars.
• Carbon monoxide decreases the ability of your
  blood to carry oxygen.
• Nitrogen Oxides (Nox)
• Catalytic converters in car exhaust systems break
  down heavier nitrogen gases, forming nitrogen
  dioxide (NO2)
• Can irritate airways, especially your lungs.
  Nitrogen oxides are precursors for the formation
  of other smog components such as ground level
  ozone
• Carbon dioxide (CO2) a GHG that traps the
  earth's heat and contributes to climate change

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• Fine Particulate Matter (PM2.5) contains
  substances including metals, acids, carbon, and
  polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
• Can be inhaled deep into the lungs
• Aggravates respiratory or cardiovascular diseases
• Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) come from
  unburned or partially-burned fuel
• VOCs vary widely in toxicity
• Some are cancer-causing agents
• Precursors to ozone
• Air Toxics pollutants such as benzene,
  1,3-butadiene, formaldehyde
• Contain cancer-causing agents

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Air Pollutants- Why Should We Care?
OZONE! SMOG!

• Ozone forms from reactions involving VOC and NOx
  from vehicles
• irritates airways and can trigger reactions in
  people who have asthma

Smog produced by a set of complex photochemical
reactions involving VOCs, nitrogen oxides and
sunlight, which form ground-level ozone
Effects asthma, emphysema, other respiratory
problems eye irritation reduced resistance to
colds and lung infections
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What Makes a Hybrid Vehicle Unique?

• Idle-stop System Shutting down the engine during
  traffic stops or while coasting or idle periods
• Dual Engines/Motors results in a smaller engine,
  lower weight, and greater fuel efficiency
• Regenerative Braking captures converts kinetic
  energy into electricity
• Especially in stop-and-go traffic
• Greater Battery Storing Capacity reuses
  recaptured energy
• Improved Aerodynamics
• Low Rolling Resistance harder tires greater
  gas mileage

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How do Hybrids Reduce Such Air Pollutants?

• A Hybrid reduces incidence of gasoline waste and
  total chemical atmospheric release
• Although the pollution associated w/the
  production of fuel for Hybrids the pollution
  created in the production of fuel for
  conventional vehicles, their pollution is
  significantly reduced because the vehicle has a
  greater fuel efficiency

By switching to a hybrid, you can literally save
the Earth a couple tons of GHGs!
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Conserve Gasoline Reserves!

• By switching to a Hybrid vehicle, gasoline
  consumption will be cut in half, thus saving the
  other 50 for generations to come.

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Its a Start!
Everyone on this planet has an effect on the
environment, but the largest impact any one
person tends to have on the environment,
especially to greenhouse gas emissions, is
through the use of an automobile. It is because
of this that individuals have in their power the
ability to make a significant contribution to the
fight against global warming. Consumers using
hybrid cars are becoming a growing force in the
attempt to limit greenhouse gas
emissions. -Laurence OSullivan

• Although perhaps not long-term, it is a
  short-term solution that can only lead us in the
  right direction.

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Hybrids reduce dependency on oil

• By Elizabeth Goulet

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Hybrid vehicles require less oil
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Visualize it.

• We use 14 million barrels of oil a day for
  transportation- 70 total oil consumption
• A barrel is 160 liters
• This picture is
• equivalent to 2 barrels
• Imagine this
• 7 million times
• Thats our daily usage
• for transportation alone

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Environmental Impacts of Oil

• Finding sources of oil
• Extracting oil
• Transporting oil

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Finding oil reserves

• Researchers send seismic waves into the ground-
  what bounces back indicates whether oil is there
  based on topography
• Seismic activity affects whales and other marine
  life, leading to mass whale beaching
• In June 2008 ExxonMobile had to stop exploring
  around Madagascar because 100 whales beached
  themselves
• Building roads on land to explore undeveloped
  land disrupts pristine environments

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Extracting oil

• Further disrupts ecosystems as land gets
  fragmented by roads and drilling sites
• Stresses sensitive species at important life
  stages
• Alaska pipeline in region where caribou, moose,
  and polar bears cross to give birth vulnerable
• Fish can normally flush out PAH toxin from oil
  wells, but increased stress -gt cancer

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Oil transport problems spills

• Accidents are inevitable but disastrous
• 1989 Exxon-Valdez spill- Prince William Sound,
  Alaska
• 1991 Gulf War spill- Persian Gulf
• 2010 Deepwater Horizon spill- Gulf of Mexico
• Constant spills in developing regions
• Nigeria from 1982-1992, 1.6 million gallons
  spilled in 27 instances
• 700 spills a year in Russias pipelines

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Spills devastate the environment

• Lethal effects on plankton- primary producers
• Seabirds dive through oil layer on waters
  surface. Feathers covered in oil -gt drowning,
  starvation, and loss of heat
• High concentrations of PAH from oil kills
  organisms or causes birth defects, impaired
  growth, and skewed sex ratios
• Accumulation on shoreline and in shallow water

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Lasting effects on the environment

• Mangroves are the base of some ecosystems. Oil
  kills them off and recovery can take decades
• 20 years after Exxon-Valdez spill, animals high
  in food chain just recovering

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• Hybrids average 50mpg
• Makes one gallon of oil go twice as far
• Cuts demand for oil in half

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Works cited (websites)
http//www.transportation.anl.gov/pdfs/TA/378.PDF
http//www.bts.gov/publications/national_transpor
tation_statistics/html/table_04_05.html http//ww
w.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S136192090
9001266 http//science.howstuffworks.com/science-
vs-myth/everyday-myths/does-hybrid-car-production-
waste-offset-hybrid-benefits1.htm
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• Durning, Alan. Plug-In Hybrids Revisited. 2
  October 2008. Web. 17 October 11.
  http//daily.sightline.org/2008/10/02/plug-in-hybr
  ids-revisited
• Hunt, Tam. Why Electric Vehicles Will Reduce
  Greenhouse Gas Emissions. 11 January 2011. Web.
  17 October 2011. http//www.renewableenergyworld.c
  om/rea/news/article/2011/01/why-electric-vehicles-
  will-significantly-reduce-greenhouse-gas-emissions
  
• Greenhouse Gases. Environmental Protection
  Agency. Web. 17 October 2011. http//www.epa.gov/c
  limatechange/indicators/pdfs/CI-greenhouse-gases.p
  df
• Global Warming and Your Vehicle Choice. 26,
  March 2006.
• Hybrid Cars and Global Warming. Automobiles that
  Give Better Fuel Economy and Lower Greenhouse
  Gases. 13, April 2008.

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Works Cited

• http//www.hybridcars.com/battery-toxicity.html 
• http//www.greenhybrid.com/hybrid-car-articles.php
  
• http//epiphytic.com/what-is-a-hybrid-car/
• http//www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-car-battery
• http//www.hybridcars.com/hybrid-car-battery
• http//www.carseek.com/articles/hybrid-car-batter
  ies.html
• http//www.hybridcars.com/battery-toxicity.html

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Rebuttal
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Improving hybrid technology decreases oil use
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Hybrids are especially good for specific regions
to maximize benefits

• Los Angeles
• very high amount of smog
• relatively high gas prices (currently as high as
  5/gallon)
• lots of traffic in stop and go situations,
  hybrids operate on their electric batteries -gt no
  emissions
• engines also shut off when stopped for a period
  of time
• Taxis in high density urban areas

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Its not that bad!

• A hybrid (ex. Prius) only has to be driven 13,000
  miles for its CO2 savings to outweigh production
  emissions about the distance you drive in a year
• Toyota is decreasing CO2 emissions during
  production solar panels at their Tsutsuni
  location provide half the energy needed for daily
  operations
• Water discharged from the Tsutsumi location is 5x
  cleaner than river water

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Inco factory in Ontario

• Inco nickel factory at Sudbury in Ontario,
  Canada environmental damage there predated Prius
  production by 30 years
• Since then, Inco reduced sulphur dioxide
  emissions by 90 and planted 11 million trees
• It is praised by the Ontario Ministry of the
  Environment and environmental groups, with
  conservation awards and is an eco-tourism center

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Special new features

• New features- solar powered ventilation to
  circulate cooling air within the cars cabin and
  reduce the temperature inside the car to a level
  approaching the external ambient temperature

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Excellent secondary cars

• A hybrid car may have less lifetime miles than
  other more traditional cars, but they are often
  secondary cars used for small town errands or
  getting around in the city- times when youre
  going to want to maximize mileage and minimize
  emissions

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Improving technology

• The hybrids that have the highest environmental
  cost and lowest relative efficiency are the
  original ones- the prototype that has been
  improved on with better technology for more than
  10 years now
• Just like when you get a new iPod or computer
  because the technology is better, the old hybrids
  are simply obsolete compared to the new ones

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Rapidly evolving technology

• Repair costs may be high now but thats because
  technology is evolving so quickly. It doesnt
  make sense to pay significant money to repair it
  when a new one may cost close to that
• The old materials then get recycled and the scrap
  metal gets reused into products that are usable

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Dust to Dust report

• CNW Marketing Research, Inc. 2007 Dust to Dust
  The Energy Cost of New Vehicles From Concept to
  Disposal
• Hummer H3 has lower life-cycle cost than a Prius,
  considering energy cost of production and use
• Critiqued by Pacific Institute for Studies in
  Development, Environment, and Security
• Provide independent research and analysis

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Dust to Dust report

• Little evidence that the claims made are unproven
  or wrong
• Faulty analysis, untenable assumptions,
  manipulation and misuse of facts and data,
  numerical mischaracterization, and inadequate
  review
• No peer review, no release of actual data

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Dust to Dust report

• Selective and Biased use of data
• Assume the Hummer H1 will travel 379,000 lifetime
  miles over 35 years, the Prius will travel
  109,000 miles over 10 years
• This reverses the conclusion
• Distribution of lifetime energy
• Majority of energy used is in use, not production
• CNW wont reveal who funded the report

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Safety
- Heavy use of lightweight materials in the
production of hybrid vehicles does not make them
less safe.
Ford Escape Hybrid (34 city/ 31 hwy)
- According to a 2009 joint study by researchers
at Queens University in Ontario and Xiamen
University in China, While earlier analysis
often suggests lighter, more fuel-efficient
vehicles are less safe for their occupants, the
relationships between vehicle safety ratings and
fuel efficiencies seem to have been mostly
positive from 2002 to 2007.
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Production of HEVs
In a 1997 study performed by scientists from the
Argonne National laboratory for the Air and Waste
Management Association Exposition, they found
that the total energy from the fuel cycle,
vehicle operation, and vehicle cycle, they found
that the HEVs reduced energy use and GHG
emissions by around 40 compared with the steel
intensive conventional vehicle because of their
improved fuel economy
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Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles
- Is a hybrid vehicle which uses batteries that
can be recharged to full power by connecting it
to an external power source.
- Research conducted in 2006 at University
California of Davis found that the operating
costs of plug-ins charged at night was equivalent
to 75 US per US gallon of gasoline.
- No emissions when operated under fully electric
mode.
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Economics and Hybrid Battery Life Span

• The average life span of a hybrid car battery is
  around 8-12 years or an estimated 180,000
  miles. The warranty on a hybrid battery is about
  8-10 years, so just about as long as the life of
  the car.
• The average cost of a hybrid car battery is
  between 5,000 and 7,000 to replace.
• Honda, Toyota and the entire auto industry are
  pumping millions of dollars into research
  regarding lithium ion batteries for tomorrow's
  cars. Their primary motivation is to reduce the
  cost and increase the potency of hybrid
  batteries. Fortunately, supplanting lead and
  nickel batteries with rechargeable lithium
  batteries is also promising from an environmental
  perspective. Instead of clogging landfills with
  more toxic chemicals, hybridsespecially future
  hybrids powered by lithium ion batteriesmay
  represent greener pastures for car batteries.