Structure of the Utility Industry

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Chapter 10
Structure of the Utility Industry Managing
Energy Demand Electrical Charges and
Currents Batteries and Electric Vehicles Hybrid
Vehicles Ohms Law
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Energy in the News
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Electrical Generation vs Time
Sources and amount of electricity generation in
the United States from 1950 to 2000 (for units
see figure 10.1 in your Book. Purple (top) coal
Green Petroleum and natural gas Aqua
Hydroelectric power Blue Nuclear power.
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General Trends
Coal provides most of the power for electrical
generation Need for electrical power in the
1970s, doubled every 10 years Rate of growth in
demand has slowed to about 2 per year (implied
doubling time??) Energy use overall largest
rate of growth is in electrical consumption
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Use of Coal, Natural Gas and Petroleum by
Utilities
Nonutility producers of Energy use
proportionately more renewable energy, Dont use
nuclear at all. Do use some fossil fuels.
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Restructuring of the Utilities
Deregulation of the utilities Goals 1) To
make electricity cheaper by promoting
competition 2) Promote increased efficiency of
power plants 3) Allow consumers choice of
renewable energy sources Historical Perspective
Why a utility monopoly? 1) Smoothing of demand
promotes efficiency 2) Power plants are expensive
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Utilities Why Change?
1) Facilities already built 2) Profit
guaranteed no incentive for change 3) Power
plant efficiencies historical trends 4)
Renewable energy sources (other than hydro)
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Deregulation History
PURPA Public Utility Regulatory Policy Act
1978 1) Must buy power from independent
producers at avoided cost (about 6 cents per
kWH), typical cost of electricity from
existing Power plants (about 3.5 cents per
kWH). Avoided cost cost of constructing new
power plants Cost of wind generated power about
5.5 cents per kWh Cogeneration typically cheaper
than wind power Result promotion of
cogeneration and wind power Increased energy
efficiency and renewable power.
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Problems with Deregulation
Stranded costs Utilities divided up
Generation, transmission and distribution all
separate If a utility sells a power plant who
should get the profits? California regulated
charges from utilities to consumers But not
charges from fossil fuel brokers to
utilities Transmission lines incentive to
modernize?
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Good Aspects of Deregulation
Number of independent power producers
increased, Therefore more power generated from
renewables Efficiency of power plants now
increasing rather Than stalling newer plants 40
efficient Could be 60 efficient with best
technology Consumers in some states can choose
to pay more To buy power generated from
renewables Increases the market for renewables
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Energy Trends
Times of high demand electrical costs 10 per
KWH Vs typical price? Peak power use closer and
closer to total capacity Big plants no longer
most efficient power generators New technologies
like microturbines important Transmission lines
need modernization (What happened in California
power crisis?) Times of high demand utilities
pay big energy users To shut down. (What types of
companies use the most power?)
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Electrical Charges and Currents
Electricity moving electrons Conductors metals
with electrons able to move easily (outer shell
of electrons in the atom) Electron negative
charge Proton positive charge Unit of Charge
coulomb 6.25E18 electrons 1 Coulomb Like
charges repel unlike charges attract
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Semi-Conductors and Insulators
Semi-conductors electricity is conducted but
less Easily than in conductors (What uses
semi-conductors?) Insulators dont conduct
electricity. PCBs are insulators PCB
polychlorinated biphenols Hudson river and
PCBs Why did General Electric manufacture PCBs in
large amounts?
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Electrical Force
Potential Energy Applies to electrical
force Electrical Potential Potential energy
embodied In electrical charges unit of potential
volt One volt 1 Joule per Coulomb Potential
Difference Electrical potential energy Derived
from difference in energy between positively And
negatively charged parts of electrical
device Electrical current flows from negative to
positive Why??
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Electrical Current
Electrical current movement of electrons from
Area of electron excess (negative charge) to
Area of electron deficit (positive charge) Unit
of current amp or ampere Types of current
direct current (DC) Alternating current
(AC) Alternating current has a frequency in
hertz (Hz) USA 60 Hz Europe 50 Hz Most devices
run on AC because generators produce AC Solar
homes run on DC (why?)
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Battery Driven Electrical Motor
Where is the circuit In this picture? What do
you need to Know to determine The direction of
Current flow?
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Batteries
Inside of a flashlight with two batteries Where
is current flowing in this device? In what part
is current flowing to the right? In what part is
current flowing to the left?
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Components of a Battery
1)Two electrodes (or terminals) 2) Submerged in
an electrolyte Electrolytes allow a
chemical Reaction to occur. This chemical energy
is converted Into electrical energy by
the Battery Do batteries get warmer when they
operate why or why not?
Pb-acid Dry Cell
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Pb-acid batteries
Chemical reactions Negative electrode Pb Pb 2
2e- Pb2 SO4 2- PbSO4 Positive electrode
PbO2 PbO2 SO4 2- , 4H 2e- PbSO4
2H20 Electrolyte is providing H and SO4 2-
Both are needed for the chemical reaction Where
does PbSO4 end up? Pb acid battery car
battery stores about 2 of the energy in 1
gallon Of gasoline (seismometers in Iceland)
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Important Battery Characteristics
Overall voltage Battery Life Rechargable? Energ
y Density (Watt hours per kilogram) Toxicity of
components
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Battery Design
First battery invented by Volta Zinc and Silver
plates Blotting paper moistened with Salt
water. What are the electrodes? What is the
electrolyte? What compounds are being
formed? (Make an educated guess)
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Lemon Power Runs a Calculator
Why does this work? What part of the battery
are The lemons functioning as? What else needs
to be Present?
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Battery Characteristics (for electric cars)
What is the range derived from? Why dont the
batteries with The highest energy density always
have the greatest range?
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Types of Batteries
Range is for an electrical car with that battery.
Why doesnt the Battery with the highest energy
density have the largest range?
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Electrical Vehicles
Not new first speeding ticket for a car-given
to An electrical car (how fast was it
going?) Electric powered vehicles (Evs) Mostly
powered by Pb acid batteries Batteries take 6 to
8 hours to recharge Range of 60 to 160 miles
between charges (sound too short a distance?
75 of private cars Are driven less than 50 miles
per day)
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How an Electrical Vehicle Works
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Electrical VehiclesWhy?
Big incentive California law requiring that 10
of all new cars sold in California be zero
emission vehicles (ZEVs) by 2003. Only two types
of zero emissions vehicles bicycles and
electrical cars Are there zero emissions of CO2
when an electrical Car is used? Why or why not?
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Electrical Cars Pros and Cons
Against are not truly zero emissions
vehicles Emissions are just moved to the power
plant Pb acid batteries production and use
generate Pb Pollution-so far other batteries much
too expensive At present power plant
efficiencies overall level of pollution Produced
by electrical cars more than by hybrid
cars Pro as power plant efficiencies improve
(60 possible) Electrical vehicles will
outperform present hybrids In terms of overall
emissions Reduce urban air pollution
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Hybrid Vehicles
Hybrids are not just cars a hybrid is any
vehicle That uses two forms of energy for
propulsion Name three types of hybrid vehicle.
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Two Hybrids on the Market
Toyotas Prius 52 mpg city, 45 mpg
highway Hondas Insight 61 mpg city, 70 mpg
highway
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How Insight gets 70 mpg!!This is a new record!!
Combination of electrical motor and gasoline
engine thus gasoline engine smaller, runs at
maximum efficiency Gasoline engine shuts off at
a stoplight Energy from braking used to charge
the battery that runs the electrical motor.
Unique aerodynamic design of car
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Emissions Reduction
Insight emits 84 fewer hydrocarbons and 50 less
NOx than a typical car. Note that the Prius gets
better mileage in the City than on the highway.
Why?