Britain, France, Spain and Russia

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Late Middle Ages

• Britain, France, Spain and Russia

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I. Britain

• Norman Conquest (1066 A.D.)
• 1066 A.D.- Anglo-Saxon king Edward dies brother
  in law Harold chosen to rule
• Duke William of Normandy challenged throne
  supported by Pope
• C\Documents and Settings\workstation\My
  Documents\The_Norman_Conquest_of_England.asf
• Battle of Hastings William vs. Harold William
  won and became king as William the Conqueror
  (King William I)

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Primary Source Norman Conquest
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I. Britain

• William the Conqueror (William I) (r. 1066-1087
  A.D.)
• Feudal lord with vassals vassals had to pledge
  first loyalty to him granted fiefs but kept
  most land for himself
• Compiled the Domesday Book, a census of the land,
  for tax collection

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Primary Source Domesday Book
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I. Britain

• King Henry II (r. 1154-1189 A.D.)
• Created a royal exchequer to collect taxes
• Sent out traveling justices to enforce laws
  called Common law because it was the same for all
  people
• Early jury system- men sworn to tell the truth
  determined what cases should be brought to trial

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I. Britain

• King John (r. 1199-1216 A.D.)
• Clashes with church - interdict of England by
  Pope Innocent III England a fief to Rome
• Magna Carter (Great Charter) 1215 A.D.
  confirmed feudal rights gave nobles rights
  (later given to common people) and established
  monarchs must obey the law
• Formation of Parliament began as a council for
  advice soon became a two house Model Parliament
  of nobles and middle class

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Primary Source Magna Carta
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II. France

• The Capetians
• Hugh Capet- elected to rule in 987 A.D.
• Hugh and successors strengthened royal power and
  added to their lands
• Effective bureaucracy of tax collectors and
  officials who imposed royal law keeping order
  gave Capetians the support of the middle class

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II. France

• Philip Augustus (Philip II) (r. 1179-1223 A.D.)
• Used paid officials in government jobs rather
  than nobles to ensure loyalty
• Created new cities by charter
• Organized standing army
• Began a national tax
• Gained former English territory such as Normandy
  and land in southern France

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II. France

• Louis IX (r. 1226-1270 A.D.)
• Used officials who checked on local
  administrators
• Outlawed private wars - ended serfdom in his
  lands
• France became a centralized monarchy

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II. France

• Philip IV (r. 1285-1314)
• Taxed French clergy and angered the Pope
• When Pope died, a Frenchman became Pope and was
  moved to Avignon so rulers could control religion
• Set up the Estates-General in 1302 A.D.
• Representative body
• Contained members of the clergy, nobles, and
  townspeople
• Sometimes the King would consult

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II. France

• 100 Years War (1337-1453 A.D.)
• Wars between France and England
• English rulers wanted to keep old French lands -
  French kings wanted French lands
• Both sides took advantage of the use of the
  crossbow England had the longbow France also
  began to use the cannon

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Primary Source English Longbow
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II. France

• Joan of Arc, age 17 in the year 1429 A.D., said
  God gave her the duty to save France
• Led the army against the English
• Brought about several French victories
• Taken captive by English and burned at the stake
  as a witch
• English defeated by the French

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Primary Source Joan of Arc
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III. Spain

• Reconquista
• Christian kingdoms North wanted Muslims out to
  reconquer the land largely successful
• Isabella and Ferdinand
• Completed the reconquista in 1492 A.D.
• Wanted religious and political unity
• No religious toleration of Muslims or Jews
• Inquisition to try heresy

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Primary Source Reconquista
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Primary Source Spanish Inquisition
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IV. Russia

• Princes of Moscow in power after Mongols
• Ivan the Great (r.1462-1505 A.D.)
• Absolute rule adopted Byzantine customs took
  on the name czar (tsar), Russian for Caesar
• Limited boyars, or nobles, power
• Ivan the Terrible (r. 1547-1584 A.D.)
• Introduced serfdom granted land to nobles for
  military/other service
• Oprichniki- terror agents who imposed laws