The Secession Crisis

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Chapter 14
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(No Transcript)
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The Secession Crisis

• "Southern Nationalism" the fire-eaters began to
  demand an end to the Union after Lincolns
  election as president

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The Secession Crisis

• South Carolina called a special convention, which
  voted unanimously to secede on December 20, 1860,
  Mississippi (1/9/1861), Florida (1/10/1861),
  Alabama (1/11/1861), Georgia (1/19/1861),
  Louisiana (1/26/1861), and Texas (2/1/1861) had
  all seceded by the time Lincoln took office

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The Secession Crisis

• In February 1861 representatives of the seven
  seceded states met in Montgomery, Alabama to form
  the Confederate States of America, sent
  commissioners to Washington to ask for the
  surrender of Sumter instead Buchanan ordered a
  ship of supplies to be carried to Fort Sumter,
  Confederate cannons opened fire on the ship and
  turned it back, the first shots between North and
  South had been fired

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The Process of Secession
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The Secession Crisis

• Crittenden Compromise (proposed by John J.
  Crittenden of Kentucky) called for several
  Constitutional amendments, which would guarantee
  the permanent existence of slavery in the slave
  states, reestablish the Missouri Compromise line
  in all present and future territory of the US,
  keep in place the Fugitive Slave Law, and protect
  slavery in Washington DC, Republicans opposed it
  since it would allow slavery to expand

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The Secession Crisis

• Lincolns Inaugural Address no state could
  leave the Union since it was older than the
  Constitution, the government would "hold, occupy
  and possess" federal property in the seceded
  states (Fort Sumter), Lincoln sent a relief
  expedition to Fort Sumter explaining to South
  Carolina that there would be no attempt to send
  troops or munitions unless the supply ships met
  with resistance

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The Secession Crisis

• Confederate reaction was to order General P.G.T.
  Beauregard to take the island by force if
  necessary, Anderson surrendered after two days of
  bombardment (April 12 13, 1861) the Civil War
  had begun

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The Secession Crisis

• Virginia (4/17/1861), Arkansas (5/6/1861),
  Tennessee (6/8/1861), and North Carolina
  (5/20/1861) seceded after the fall of Fort Sumter

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The Secession Crisis

• Maryland, Delaware, Kentucky, Missouri cast their
  lot with the Union under heavy political and
  military pressure from Washington DC

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The Secession Crisis

• Ralph Waldo Emerson I do not see how a
  barbarous community and civilized community can
  constitute one state

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The Secession Crisis

• Anonymous Slaveowner These Northern people
  hate us, annoy us, and would have us assassinated
  by our slaves if they dared. They are a
  different people from us, whether better or
  worse, and there is no love between us. Why then
  continue together?

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The Secession Crisis

• Northern Advantages population more then twice
  as large as the South (four times as large as the
  non-slave population) which allowed for more
  manpower in the army and more workers/farmers for
  wartime production, an advanced industrial system
  that allowed the North to manufacture almost all
  of its war materials, while the South had to rely
  on imports from Europe for most of its material,
  a better transportation system with twice as much
  railroad trackage as the South and a much better
  integrated system of railroad lines

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The Secession Crisis

• Southern Advantages fighting was on their own
  land with local support and familiarity with the
  territory, inadequate transportation for the army
  of the North with long lines of communication
  among a hostile population, the population of the
  South clearly supported the war whereas support
  for the war in the North was divided and
  unsteady, the South believed that foreign
  dependence on Southern cotton production would
  force England and France to intervene on the side
  of the Confederacy

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Union and Confederate Resources
17
Mobilization of the North

• The Republican Party enacted an aggressively
  nationalistic program to promote economic
  development, especially in the West

18
Mobilization of the North

• Homestead Act of 1862 permitted any citizen or
  prospective citizen to claim 160 acres of public
  land and to purchase it for a small fee after
  living on it for 5 years

19
Mobilization of the North

• Morrill Land Grant Act transferred substantial
  public acreage to the state governments which
  were to sell the land and use proceeds to finance
  public education, this created new state
  colleges, universities

20
Mobilization of the North

• Raised tariffs to all time high, incorporated two
  federally chartered corporations (the Union
  Pacific Railroad Company build westward from
  Omaha and the Central Pacific Railroad Company
  build eastward from California) to work on the
  completion of the Transcontinental Railroad, each
  company was provided free public lands and
  generous loans to complete the project

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Mobilization of the North

• National Bank Acts of 1863 1864 created a new
  national banking system, in which existing banks
  could join the system if they had enough capital
  and were willing to invest 1/3rd of it in
  government securities, this system allowed member
  banks to issue U.S. Treasury notes as currency
  which eliminated much of the chaos and
  uncertainty in the nations currency and created a
  uniform system of national bank notes

22
Mobilization of the North

• Financing the war levied taxes, issuing paper
  currency and borrowing, Congress levied an income
  tax for the first time (10 on incomes over
  5,000), Greenbacks were paper currency, backed
  not by gold or silver but by good faith and
  credit of the government (in 1864 the Greenback
  dollar was worth 39 of a gold dollar

23
Mobilization of the North

• At the end of the war the Greenback was worth 67
  of a gold dollar), the government only issued
  450 million worth of paper currency during the
  whole war which resulted in inflation, the
  Treasury persuaded ordinary citizens to buy over
  400 million worth of bonds first example of
  mass financing, the total cost of the war was
  2.6 billion which was mostly financed by banks
  and large financial interests

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Mobilization of the North

• In 1861 the U.S. Army consisted of 16,000 troops,
  mostly stationed in the West to protect settlers
  from Indians, Lincoln called for an increase of
  23,000 in the regular army, Congress authorized
  enlisting 500,000 volunteers for three-year
  terms, after an initial rise in enlistments they
  gradually began to decline

25
Mobilization of the North

• In 1863 Congress was forced to pass National
  Draft Law, virtually all adult males were
  eligible to be drafted but a man could escape
  service by hiring someone to go in his place or
  by paying the government a fee of 300

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Mobilization of the North

• Opposition to the draft was widespread among
  laborers, and immigrants, a draft riot broke out
  in New York City in 1863 and Irish workers were
  at the center of the violence (they were angry
  that black strikebreakers has been used against
  them in a recent longshoremans strike), the
  Irish blamed the African Americans for the war
  and thought the war was being fought for the
  benefit of slaves who would be competing with
  white workers for jobs

27
Mobilization of the North

• Peace Democrats (Copperheads) were opposed to the
  war, feared that agriculture and the northwest
  were losing influence to the rise of big industry
  and the East, and that Republican Nationalism was
  eroding states rights

28
Mobilization of the North

• Lincoln assembled a cabinet representing every
  faction of the Republican Party, sent troops into
  battle (it was a domestic insurrection not a war)
  without asking Congress, increased the size of
  the regular army without receiving legislative
  authority, unilaterally proclaimed a naval
  blockade of the south

29
Mobilization of the North

• Lincolns greatest political problem was the
  widespread popular opposition to the war
  mobilized by the Peace Democrats, so he ordered
  military arrests of civilian dissenters and
  suspended the rights of habeas corpus (the right
  of an arrested person to a speedy, public trial),
  at first this was only used in the border states,
  but in 1862 Lincoln proclaimed that all persons
  who discouraged enlistments or engaged in
  disloyal practices were subject to martial law

30
Mobilization of the North

• In all more than 13,000 people were arrested and
  imprisoned for varying lengths of time, the most
  prominent Copperhead (Clement L. Vallandingham, a
  member of Congress from Ohio) was seized by
  military authorities and exiled to the
  Confederacy after he made a speech claiming that
  the purpose of the war was to free the blacks and
  enslave the whites

31
Mobilization of the North

• Lincoln also defied the Supreme Court, Chief
  Justice Taney issued a writ in the case Ex Parte
  Merryman requiring Lincoln to release an
  imprisoned secessionist leader from Maryland
  Lincoln simply ignored the writ, after the war in
  1866 the Supreme Court ruled in Ex Parte Milligan
  that military trials in areas where the civil
  courts existed were unconstitutional

32
Mobilization of the North

• The Election of 1864 took place amongst
  considerable political dissension, the
  Republicans had suffered heavy losses in the
  Congressional elections of 1862, and in response
  Republican leaders combined all the groups that
  supported the war into the Union Party and
  nominated Lincoln for president, Andrew Johnson
  (a war Democrat from Tennessee who opposed his
  state's decision for seceding) for vice president.

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Mobilization of the North

• The Democrats nominated George B. McClellan, a
  celebrated former Union general who had been
  relieved of his command by Lincoln, adopted a
  platform of denouncing the war and calling for a
  truce (the Democrats were clearly the peace party
  in the campaign), tried to profit from growing
  war weariness and from Union's discouraging
  military position in the summer of 1864

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Mobilization of the North

• Lincoln won the election of 1864 by a vote of 212
  21 in the Electoral College but only by 10 in
  the popular vote, his victory was largely due to
  Northern military victories (the capture of
  Atlanta rejuvenated Northern morale and boosted
  Republican prospects in the election) and the
  fact that Lincoln made special arrangements to
  allow Union troops to vote

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Shermans March to the Sea
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Mobilization of the North

• Radical Republicans Thaddeus Stevens (PA),
  Charles Sumner (MA), and Benjamin Wade (OH)
  wanted to use the war to abolish slavery
  immediately and completely

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Mobilization of the North

• Conservative Republicans favored slower, more
  gradual, and less disruptive processes of ending
  slavery, Lincoln embraced a cautious view on
  emancipation

38
Mobilization of the North

• Confiscation Act (1861) declared all slaves
  used for insurrectionary purposes (in support
  of the Confederate military effort) would be
  considered freed

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Mobilization of the North

• Subsequent laws in the Spring of 1862 abolished
  slavery in Washington DC and the western
  territories, provided compensation for owners who
  freed their slaves

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Mobilization of the North

• Second Confiscation Act (July 1862) declared free
  the slaves of persons aiding and supporting the
  insurrection (whether or not the slaves
  themselves were doing so) and authorized the
  President to employ African Americans, including
  freed slaves, as soldiers

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African-American Troops
42
Mobilization of the North

• Most of the North slowly accepts emancipation as
  a central war aim in order to justify the
  tremendous sacrifices that were being made to win
  the war

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Mobilization of the North

• Emancipation Proclamation after the Union
  victory at Antietam in September 1862, Lincoln
  announced that he would use his war powers to
  issue an executive order (to take effect on
  January 1, 1863) declaring forever free slaves in
  all areas of the Confederacy except those under
  Union control (Tennessee, western Virginia, and
  southern Louisiana), the Emancipation
  Proclamation did not apply to the border states
  of Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, and Delaware,

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Mobilization of the North

• The immediate effect of the Proclamation was
  limited since it only applied to slaves still
  under Confederate control, but it was very
  significant because it showed that the war was
  being fought not only to preserve the union but
  also to eliminate slavery, eventually the
  Proclamation became a practical reality and freed
  thousands of slaves

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Mobilization of the North

• By the end of the war Missouri, Maryland,
  Tennessee, Arkansas, and Louisiana had abolished
  slavery, and the final step came in 1865 when
  Congress approved and enough states ratified the
  13th Amendment, which abolished slavery as an
  institution in all parts of the United States

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Mobilization of the North

• In the first months of the Civil War blacks were
  not allowed to serve in the Union army, there
  were a few black regiments that did serve, but
  after the Emancipation Proclamation was issued
  black enlistment increased rapidly with 186,000
  men eventually serving in the Union army

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Mobilization of the North

• Some black regiments were fighting units (the
  54th Massachusetts) with white commanding
  officers, but most black soldiers received menial
  tasks behind the lines, black mortality rate was
  higher than the rate for white soldiers because
  many died from disease while working in
  unsanitary conditions

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Mobilization of the North

• African American soldiers were paid 1/3rd less
  than white soldiers (until the law was changed in
  1864), and if African American soldiers were
  captured by the Confederate army they were either
  returned to slavery or executed (at Fort Pillow
  in Tennessee 260 African American soldiers were
  executed after surrendering)

49
Mobilization of the North

• The Civil War did not industrialize the North,
  that had already been occurring, and in some
  instance the war hurt the economic development of
  the North by cutting manufacturers off from their
  southern markets and sources of raw materials,
  also by diverting needed labor and resources to
  military purposes

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Mobilization of the North

• The Civil War helped the economic development of
  the North in some ways as well, coal production
  increased by nearly 20, railroad facilities
  improved through the adoption of a standard gauge
  on new lines being built, the loss of farm labor
  forced many farmers to increase the mechanization
  of agriculture as more workers left the farms to
  fight in the war

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Mobilization of the North

• Prices rose by 70 during the war while wages
  only rose by 40, which resulted in a dramatic
  loss of purchasing power for laborers in the
  North, liberalized immigration laws allowed a
  flood of new workers into the labor market and
  helped keep wages low, increasing mechanization
  meant that many skilled workers lost their jobs,
  this economic environment saw the first national
  unions being formed (coal miners, railroad
  engineers, and others) and being bitterly opposed
  and suppressed by employers

52
Mobilization of the North

• Women were thrust into new and unfamiliar roles
  during the Civil War, they took over positions
  vacated by men and worked as teachers, retail
  clerks, office workers, mill/factory hands,
  responding not only to the demand for labor but
  also to their own economic needs, above all women
  entered nursing (a field previously dominated by
  men)

53
Mobilization of the North

• Dorothea Dix as a member of the U.S. Sanitary
  Commission mobilized large numbers of female
  nurses to serve in field hospitals, by the end of
  the 1800s nursing would become an almost
  entirely female profession, male doctors during
  the Civil War objected to working with female
  nurses but women argued that nursing fell within
  their appropriate roles since it was a nurturing
  and caring profession similar to the roles they
  already played as wives and mothers.

54
Mobilization of the North

• Eventually female nurses will stand up to doctors
  they feel are incompetent and challenge the
  dominant role of males in medical professions

55
Mobilization of the North

• Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony found
  the National Womans Loyal League in 1863 worked
  simultaneously for the abolition of slavery and
  the awarding of suffrage to women

56
Mobilization of the North

• Clara Barton (who would go on to form the
  American Red Cross) said in 1888 At the wars
  end, woman was at least 50 years in advance of
  the normal position which continued peace would
  have assigned her. Many women looked back on the
  Civil War as a crucial moment in the redefinition
  of female roles and in the awakening of a sense
  of independence and new possibilities

57
Mobilization of the North

• Despite all of the improvements in nursing and
  sanitation twice as many men died of diseases
  (malaria, dysentery, typhoid, gangrene and
  others) as died in combat

58
The Mobilization of the South

• Government of the Confederacy was moved to
  Richmond following the secession of Virginia

59
The Mobilization of the South

• The Confederate Constitution was almost identical
  to the Constitution of US but it did have some
  notable exceptions, it acknowledged the
  sovereignty of individual states (although not
  the right to secession), it specifically
  sanctioned slavery and made abolition practically
  impossible

60
The Mobilization of the South

• Jefferson Davis was elected President, Alexander
  Stephens was elected Vice President without
  opposition to a six-year term, Davis was a
  moderate secessionist and Stevens actually argued
  against secession, the Confederate government
  much like the Union government would be dominated
  by moderates throughout the war

61
The Mobilization of the South

• Jefferson Davis was a reasonably able
  administrator, he encountered relatively little
  interference from his cabinet, he served as his
  own Secretary of War, but he rarely provided
  genuinely national leadership, he spent too much
  time on routine items

62
The Mobilization of the South

• There were no formal political parties in the
  Confederacy, but the congressional and popular
  politics were filled with dissension, some white
  southerners opposed secession and the war
  altogether

63
The Mobilization of the South

• Many whites in the backcountry and upcountry
  regions refused to recognize the new Confederate
  government or to serve in the Confederate army,
  they began to be more openly critical as the
  course of the war turned against the Confederacy

64
The Mobilization of the South

• The Confederacy faced significant economic
  challenges since they were unaccustomed to
  significant tax burdens, it depended on a small
  and unstable banking system that had little
  capital to lend (most wealth was tied up in
  slaves and land therefore was not liquid), the
  only specie in the South was seized from U.S.
• Mints located there and was only worth about 1
  million

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The Mobilization of the South

• The Confederate congress tried not to tax the
  people directly instead requisitioned funds from
  individual states, most states were unwilling to
  tax their citizens and paid their shares (when
  they paid them at all) with bonds or dubious
  notes, eventually had to pass an income tax in
  1863 which could be paid by farmers "in kind" or
  with produce (the income tax only raised about 1
  of the total costs of the war),

66
The Mobilization of the South

• The Confederate government issued bonds in such
  great quantities that the public lost faith in
  them and stopped buying them, and attempts to
  borrow money from Europe using cotton as
  collateral did not work out much better

67
The Mobilization of the South

• As a result, the Confederacy began issuing paper
  currency in 1861 (which is the least financially
  stable of the financing methods available to
  them), by 1864 the Confederate government had
  issued 1.5 billion in paper money, but did not
  establish a uniform system of currency, the
  national government, states, cities, and private
  banks all issued their own bank notes, produced
  widespread chaos, and confusion, resulted in
  disastrous inflation (prices rose 9,000 over the
  course of the war)

68
The Mobilization of the South

• The Confederacy began the war by calling for
  volunteers to serve in the army but by the end of
  1861 the number of volunteers was declining,

69
The Mobilization of the South

• Conscription Act of 1862 all white males
  between 18-35 were drafted for 3 years of
  military service, could avoid service with a
  substitute and exempted one white man for every
  20 slaves he owned, poor white southerners
  objected to the draft so much so that it was
  repealed in 1863, Its a rich mans war, but a
  poor mans fight

70
The Mobilization of the South

• Slaves were used by the Confederate military for
  manual labor, cooking, laundry, and other menial
  tasks freeing up white men to fight in the war,
  even so they faced a serious manpower shortage,
  in 1864 the draft expanded to include 17
  year-olds and increased the eligible age of
  service to 50 years-old, by 1865 there were
  100,000 desertions prompting the Confederate
  congress to draft 300,000 slaves into military
  service

71
The Mobilization of the South

• State's Rights enthusiasts obstructed the conduct
  of war, they did not like answering to any
  national authority, restricted Davis's ability to
  impose martial law and suspend habeas corpus,
  obstructed conscription, recalcitrant governors
  (Joseph Brown in Georgia, and Zebulon Vance in
  North Carolina) tried to keep their own troops
  apart from Confederate forces and insisted on
  hoarding surplus supplies for their own states

72
The Mobilization of the South

• The Confederate government enacted a "food draft"
  which allowed soldiers to feed themselves by
  seizing crops from farms in their path, impressed
  slaves over the objections of their owners to
  work as laborers on military projects, seized
  control of railroads and shipping, imposed
  regulations on industry, limited corporate
  profits

73
The Mobilization of the South

• The Civil War had devastating economic effects on
  the South, it cut off planters and producers from
  markets in the North on which they depended, it
  made the sale of cotton overseas much more
  difficult, the war robbed farms and industry of
  necessary labor, southern production declines by
  1/3rd during the Civil War

74
The Mobilization of the South

• Almost all battles occurred in Confederacy,
  railroads destroyed, farm land ruined, the
  Norths naval blockade was so effective that by
  the end of the war the South experienced massive
  shortages of almost everything (most devastating
  was food and medical care)

75
The Mobilization of the South

• Increasing instability in Southern society caused
  major food riots in Georgia, North Carolina,
  Alabama, and Richmond, resistance to
  conscription, food impressments, and taxation
  increased throughout the Confederacy, hoarding
  was common and the black market thrived

76
The Mobilization of the South

• While the men were off fighting women had to run
  the farms, manage the slaves, plow fields,
  harvest crops, some women worked for the
  government in Richmond, others became nurses or
  school teachers

77
The Mobilization of the South

• Women began to question assumptions that they
  were unsuitable for certain activities, that they
  were not fit to participate actively in the
  public sphere, the war created a gender imbalance
  woman had no choice but to find employment (no
  men left to be the head of household)

78
The Mobilization of the South

• Confederate leaders were terrified of slave
  revolts during the Civil War so they enforced the
  slave codes and other regulations with particular
  severity, nonetheless many slaves managed to
  escape and get to the Union army in search of
  freedom, those that did not escape were certainly
  resistant to the authority that was left on the
  farms and plantations

79
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Militarily, the initiative in the Civil War lay
  with the North since it needed to defeat the
  Confederacy while the South needed only to avoid
  defeat

80
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Diplomatically, the initiative in the Civil War
  lay with the South since it needed to enlist the
  recognition and support of foreign governments
  while the North wanted only to preserve the
  status quo

81
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Lincolns realized that numbers and resources
  were on his side and he could take advantage of
  the Norths material advantages, his objectives
  for the Norths armies were the destruction of
  the Confederate armies, not the occupation of
  Southern territory

82
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Lincoln first assigned Winfield Scott as
  commanding general, later replaced by McClellan,
  and finally found an able general in Grant in 1864

83
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Lincolns handling of the war effort was
  constantly scrutinized by the Committee on the
  Conduct of the War, which was led by Benjamin
  Wade (OH) and it complained constantly of the
  insufficient ruthlessness of Northern generals,
  Radicals on the committee believed that there was
  a secret sympathy among the officers for slavery,
  often got in the way

84
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Early in 1862 Jefferson Davis named Robert E. Lee
  as his principal military adviser, but Lee
  quickly left Richmond to lead the army in the
  field and Davis planned military strategy alone

85
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Many of the officers on both sides were graduates
  of West Point and Annapolis, were closely
  acquainted and in some cases friendly with their
  counterparts on the other side

86
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Grant and Sherman were able to see beyond their
  academic training and envision a new kind of
  warfare in which destruction of resources was as
  important as battlefield tactics

87
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Union had an overwhelming advantage in naval
  power and was able to enforce the blockade of the
  Southern coast, and assisted Union armies in
  field operations

88
Strategy and Diplomacy

• The blockade was never fully effective but it did
  have a major impact on the southern economy,
  keeping most ocean going ships out of southern
  ports, some blockade runners got through but not
  enough to help the economy of the South

89
Strategy and Diplomacy

• The South placed iron plating on the hull of the
  captured U.S. frigate Merrimac (the Confederates
  renamed it the Virginia), the Virginia left
  Norfolk in 1862 to attack a blockading squadron
  of wooden ships at Hampton Roads, it destroyed
  two ships and scattered the rest, the next day,
  the Monitor arrived in Hampton Roads and put an
  end to the Virginias raids and preserved the
  blockade, neither ship could sink the other

90
The Virginia Theater, 1861-1863
91
Strategy and Diplomacy

• The Confederacy experimented with small torpedo
  boats and hand powered submarines, in addition
  the iron-clad Virginia, but nothing was able to
  break the blockade

92
Strategy and Diplomacy

• The Union navy was particularly important in the
  Western theater of the war, specifically along
  the Mississippi River, where the navy could
  transport troops and supplies to assist the army
  in attacking fixed Confederate land positions

93
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Charles Francis Adams was the American foreign
  minister to London, at the beginning of the war
  England and France were sympathetic to the
  Confederacy since they imported much of their
  cotton from the South and were eager to weaken
  the US (who was rapidly becoming an economic
  rival of England), but France was unwilling to
  intervene unless England did so first

94
Strategy and Diplomacy

• English liberals considered the war a struggle
  between the free and slave labor, urged their
  followers to support the Union cause, workers who
  were limited in their voting rights expressed
  sympathy for the North, especially after the
  Emancipation Proclamation

95
Strategy and Diplomacy

• King Cotton Diplomacy the South argued that
  access to Southern cotton was vital to the
  England and French textile industries failed,
  English had surplus of cotton, which was imported
  from Egypt, India, and other sources instead, and
  no European nation offered diplomatic recognition
  to the confederacy or intervened in the war

96
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Neutrality implied that the two sides to the
  conflict had equal stature, but the Union
  insisted that the conflict was a domestic
  insurrection, not a war between two legitimate
  governments

97
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Trent Affair two confederate diplomats slipped
  through the Union blockade to Havana, boarded an
  English steamer (the Trent) for England, the San
  Jacinto stopped the British vessel and arrested
  the diplomats which was a clear violation of
  maritime law, eventually the diplomats were
  released with an indirect apology

98
Strategy and Diplomacy

• The Confederacy buys six ships (commerce
  destroyers) from British shipyards (the Alabama,
  the Florida, the Shenandoah) which the Union
  protests is a violation of neutrality (arming a
  belligerent)

99
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Except for Texas, which joined the confederacy,
  all the western states and territories remained
  officially loyal to the Union, southerners and
  southern sympathizers were active trying to
  encourage secession in the West, attempting to
  enlist white settlers and Indian tribes to
  support the Confederacy

100
Strategy and Diplomacy

• There was vicious fighting in Kansas and
  Missouri, William C. Quantrill became a captain
  in the Confederate army, organized a group of
  guerilla fighters and terrorized the
  Kansas-Missouri border, Quantrills band of
  fighters were particularly vicious and were
  notorious for killing all in their path, they
  killed 150 men, women, and children in Lawrence,
  Kansas

101
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Jayhawkers were Union sympathizers in Kansas who
  crossed into Missouri and exacted reprisals for
  actions of Quantrill and Confederate guerillas in
  Kansas, one Jayhawk unit was commanded by John
  Browns son and another by Susan B. Anthonys
  brother

102
Strategy and Diplomacy

• The border areas of Kansas and Missouri were
  among the bloodiest and most terrorized places in
  the U.S. during the Civil War

103
Strategy and Diplomacy

• Confederate agents attempted to negotiate
  alliances with the Five Civilized Tribes, but the
  Indians supported the North due to general
  hostility to slavery, Indian regiments fought for
  both sides