The Columbian Exchange

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The Columbian Exchange

• And Triangular Trade
• EQ What was the Columbian Exchange and
  triangular trade?

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Activating questions

• How do you think the term Columbian exchange was
  created?
• Who do you think benefited more in the Columbian
  exchange?

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What was the Columbian Exchange?

• The explorers created contact between Europe and
  the Americas.
• Interaction with Native Americans led to big
  cultural changes.
• Exchange of physical elements animals, plants,
  diseases, weapons, etc.

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Animals

• Llamas were the only domesticated animals in
  Latin America.
• Europeans brought horses, pigs, cattle, sheep.
• changed the use of the land

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Plants

• Europeans brought cash crops to the Americas
  sugar, rice, wheat, coffee, bananas, grapes.
• New crops flourished in the Americas.
• Europeans adopt crops found in the Americas
  maize, tomatoes, potatoes, tobacco, cacao, beans,
  cotton.

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Slavery and the Columbian Exchange

• Plants
• Old World
• Bananas
• Sugarcane
• Pears
• Opium
• Cabbage
• Wheat

• Plants
• New World
• Beans
• Cocoa beans
• Maize
• Potato
• Tobacco
• Peanuts

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Slavery and the Columbian Exchange

• Animals Old World

• Animals New World

• cat
• cattle
• dog
• donkey
• fowl (several species, including chickens and
  ducks)
• goat
• horse
• sheep

• alpaca
• dog
• fowl (one species, turkey)
• guinea pig
• llama

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Slavery and the Columbian Exchange

• Diseases Old World

• Diseases New World

• bubonic plague
• cholera
• influenza
• malaria
• measles
• scarlet fever
• sleeping sickness
• smallpox
• tuberculosis
• typhoid
• yellow fever

• yaws
• yellow fever (American strains)

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The Introduction of New Diseases

• Nearly all of the European diseases were
  communicable by air touch.
• Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough,
  chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever and
  influenza were the most common diseases
  exchanged.
• Illness in Europe was considered to be the result
  of sin.
• Indians, who were largely heathen or
  non-Christian were regarded as sinners and
  therefore subject to illness as a punishment.

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Devastating Impact of Diseases

• Native Americans had no natural resistance to
  European diseases .
• population continued to decline for centuries
• Inca empire decreased from 13 million in 1492 to
  2 million in 1600.
• North American population fell from 2 million in
  1492 to 500,000 in 1900.

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Smallpox

• Central Mexico - 25 million in 1519 to less than
  one million in 1605
• Hispañola - One million in 1492 to 46,000 in 1512
• North America - 90 of Native Americans gone
  within 100 years of Plymouth landing

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Effects of Diseases

• Native American population dramatically decreases
• Europeans need labor to cultivate new crops in
  the Americas, but there arent many natives left.
• Europeans look to Africa begin to import
  African slaves to the Americas.

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• 1. Create 2 questions from about the Columbian
  Exchange from your notes yesterday that you still
  do not understand.

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Slavery Expands

• In 1518, the first shipment of slaves went
  directly from West Africa to the Caribbean where
  the slaves worked on sugar plantations.
• By the 1520s, the Spanish had introduced slaves
  to Mexico, Peru, and Central America where they
  worked as farmers and miners.
• By the early 17th century, the British had
  introduced slaves to North America.

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The demand for labor in the western hemisphere
encouraged a money-making triangular trading
pattern.
Triangular Trade Route
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Triangular Trade

• The triangular trade demonstrates how people were
  reduced to commodities to be sold.
• Goods such as metal, cloth, beads and guns went
  from Europe to Africa, enslaved Africans went to
  America and the Caribbean, and raw products such
  as sugar, tobacco and cotton came back to Europe.

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Capture

• The original capture of slaves was almost always
  violent.
• As European demand grew, African chieftains
  organized raiding parties to seize individuals
  from neighboring societies.
• Others launched wars specifically for the purpose
  of capturing slaves.

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Slavery and the Columbian Exchange

• Slaves captured by Moors and other native
  African tribes
• Sold slaves to Europeans or other Native groups
  in Africa

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Slavery and the Columbian Exchange
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• Africans became enslaved mainly through four
  ways
• first, criminals sold by the chiefs as
  punishment
• secondly, free Africans obtained from raids by
  African and a few European gangs
• thirdly, domestic slaves resold, and
• fourthly prisoners of war."
• (Adu Boahen (University of Ghana).

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Plantations

• After crossing the Atlantic, most African slaves
  went to plantations in the tropical or
  subtropical regions of the western hemisphere.
• The first was established by the Spanish on
  Hispaniola in 1516.
• Originally the main crop was sugar. In addition
  to sugar, plantations produced crops like
  tobacco, indigo, and cotton.
• 1530s--Portuguese began organizing plantations in
  Brazil, and Brazil became the worlds leading
  supplier of sugar.

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EQ What was the Columbian Exchange and
triangular trade?