Protein and Protein Supplements

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Protein and Protein Supplements

• Lecture 4

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Calorie the amount heat required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water 14.5 C to
15.5 C. Kilocalorie (Kcal) 1000
calorie Mega Calorie (Mcal) 1000 kcal or
1,000,000 calories. Mcal/Kg (Kcal/kg) amount
of energy supplied by 1 kg of a particular feed
stuff Kg 2.2 lbs
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Review of Nutrients

• Water
• Carbohydrates
• TDN, ME, DE, NEm and NEg and NEl (Mcal/kg. or
  lb.)
• Proteins ( N X 6.25)
• CP, DP and By-pass protein ()
• Lipids (1 gram 2.25 as much energy as CHO)
• TDN, ME, DE, NEm and NEg and NEl (Mcal/kg. or
  lb.)
• Minerals
• Macro Ca, P Na Cl Mg K and S ()
• Micro Co, Cu,I, Fe, Mn, Se and Zn(PPM or mg/kg)
• Vitamins
• A, D, E, K and water soluble (B) (IU/g, ppm, or
  mg/kg)

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Protein

• Highest , except water, in all living
  organisms and animals
• All cells synthesize proteins
• Range from vary insoluble to highly soluble.
• Large molecules ranging from 35,000 to several
  hundred thousand grams

• Range of function in the body
• Protection
• Digesting (Pepsin)
• Metabolization of nutrients (enzymes)
• Stimulating growth (hormones)
• Defense (immunoglobulins

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Protein contd

• Long chains of Amino Acids
• Production of proteins is regulated by genetic
  material in nucleus of the animals cells (DNA)
• Most proteins found in plants and animals
  comprised of 21 amino acids
• Source of Amino Acids must be provided.

• Higher animals do not have the ability to
  synthesize all the Amino Acids (AA) required by
  all tissues.
• Dietary source of AA must be provided for most
  animals
• Essential, Semi-essential and Non Essential.
• Limiting AA needed to synthesize certain
  proteins

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Monogastric versus Ruminant

• Ruminants
• Microbial population synthesizes microbial
  protein in rumen and large intestine
• Both essential and non essential from simple
  compounds such as Urea or Ammonia NH3
• Must have a Nitrogen source
• Lysine and methionine maybe limiting in High
  producing Dairy cattle

• Monogastrics
• Limiting AA depends on species and diets i.e.
• Lysine
• Methionine
• Tryptophan

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Terms of Protein Nutrition

• Biological Value (BV)
• Measures the portion of dietary protein that when
  consumed are retained by the animal
• Most proteins source in feeding animals are
  75-80 digestible
• Closer to the animals needs the higher the BV
  will be.
• By-Pass Protein (UIP) vs (DIP)
• Escapes degradation by microbes
• Improves protein efficiency on NPN sources

• Associative Effect
• Blending protein source to improve balance of AA
  in the diet
• Deamination
• Excess AA are absorbed and the NH2 group is
  removed for new AA or converted to urea and
  excreted in urine The remaining Carbon structure
  is used to generate energy.

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Protein Contd

• Protein deficiency
• Signs
• Poor growth rate
• Reduced milk production
• Reduced fertility
• High infant death rate
• Subclinical - difficult to diagnose
• BUN or MUN values
• Mobilization of Protein from muscle tissue.

• Excess Dietary Protein
• Expensive to producer
• Loose feces
• Fertility?
• Energy Problem not Protein problem
• Must have adequate water
• Urea or Non-protein Nitrogen can cause death from
  toxicity in Ruminants if inadequate levels of CHO
  in diet
• Exceeds the amount of NH3 that the liver can
  detoxify

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Protein Supplements

• Energy source do supply some Protein but usually
  not enough to supply the total needs of the
  animal
• Usually more than 20 CP

• Animal
• Marine
• Plant
• Microbial
• Urea and Biuret

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Utilization of Oilseeds for Feed (Million metric
tons)
Source Crop Year Crop Year
Source 1991/92 1995/96
Oilseed meals
Soybean 73.2 87.1
Cottonseed 13.3 12.2
Copra 1.6 1.8
Peanut 4.8 5.6
Sunflower 8.6 10.1
Canola 15.6 18.3
Total 117.1 135.1
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Typical Protein Sources
Source CP EE ADF TDN Ca P
Corn Distillers 28.9 5.7 6 88 0.38 1.47
Brewers Dried 48.3 0.8 4 78 0.14 1.54
Cottonseed meal (CSM) 44.8 2.3 20 75 0.17 1.31
Linseed Meal 40.7 1.1 13 82 0.43 0.95
Rape Seed 44 1.2 13 71 0.72 1.01
Soybean meal (SBOM) 49.6 1.4 10 81 0.36 .075
Blood meal 89.6 1.1 - 68 0.31 0.25
Meat and Bone 54 9.2 2 70 9.93 4.75
Fish meal 77.4 10.7 1 75 2.15 1.07
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Oil Meals

• Soybean Oil Meal
• Quite Palatable, highly digestible, and has a
  high energy value.
• Methionine is the most limiting AA for
  Monogastrics
• B vitamin content is low
• Raw Soybeans have a lowered nutritive value
  therefore needs to be heat treated or after oil
  extracted.

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Soybeans contd

• Soy Flour
• Used as a partial replacement of milk proteins in
  milk replacers.
• Soy protein concentrate
• Food trade product
• 70 CP
• Spun into fiber resembling meat

• Dehulled, solvent-extracted SBOM
• Higher protein levels
• Extruded whole Soybean
• Full fat
• 38 CP
• 18 Fat
• 5 fiber

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Cottonseed meal- (CSM)

• Good but variable quality product
• Variation in processing procedures
• 41 but varies between 44-48
• Low in Cystine, methionine,lysine.
• Low in Ca and carotene

• Palatable in ruminants but less so in swine and
  poultry.
• Good local source
• Gossypol Toxicity problem for monogastrics. Two
  types
• Free gossypol (Toxic form)
• Bound

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CSM and Gossypol

• Two types of extractions
• Prepress solvent highest bound type
• Screw press highest level of Free gossypol
• Monogastrics - levels
• 40,80,100 ppm are not a problem for layer,
  broilers and swine, respectively.
• Toxicity problems can be reduced by addition of
  iron salts such as Ferrous sulfate.

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CSM and Ruminants

• Might be inactivated by rumen microbes
• gt24g/day of free gossypol in high producing cows
  resulted in
• Reduced blood hemoglobin
• Erythrocyte fragility
• Total protein of plasma
• Elevated respiration rates
• Feeding large amounts of whole cottonseed with
  CSM needs close attention.

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Other Oil Meals

• Sunflower Meal
• Protein 50
• Relatively high fiber
• Grown in cooler and drier climates
• Better for ruminants than monogastrics from fiber
  standpoint

• Linseed meal
• Flax seed
• CP is relatively low in comparison. (35)
• Deficient in lysine
• High in Selenium
• High fiber poor AA distribution and laxative
  effect makes it poor product for poultry

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Distillers or Brewery Products

• 1 of corn crop used to manufacture beer and
  liquors
• Distillers Dry grains
• Different names depending on the grain used
• High fiber very palatable

• 27-29 CP
• Energy value is medium to high
• Lysine appears to be the most limiting AA
• Fiber levels 18-19
• High by pass protein
• Used in dairy rations

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Protein from Animal Origin

• Meat meal
• Meat and Bone meal
• Meat and Bone Tankage
• Difference is meal can not contain blood.
• Differentiated by P content
• Tankage is standardized by the addition of dried
  blood meal.

• 81-87 digestible protein
• Limiting AAs are lysine, methionine, and
  threonine in swine.
• Protein quality is lower than fish meals or SBOM.

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Marine protein sources

• Two types
• Fish Meal
• Fish caught for meal
• Fish Residue meal
• Fish residue after processing

• High in digestible Protein
• High in essential AA
• Flavor maybe objectionable if fed in large
  amounts
• Not digested in Rumen by pass protein source.

Kcal/kg
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Single Cell Proteins-SCP

• Algae potential Protein source
• 10 times as much protein per unit of land as
  soybeans
• 50 protein
• Low fiber content
• Fresh water algae
• Low Biological value of protein

• Yeast
• Brewers dried yeast
• Grain distillers dried yeast
• 40 CP
• High in most Vit Bs
• Bacterial SCP
• Brewers SCP
• Rayprotm
• Paper pulp milling by product
• 50 CP
• 10-13 fat

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Non Protein Nitrogen- NPN

• Any compound that contains nitrogen but are not
  present in the polypeptide form of protein
• Organic NPN include
• Ammonia NH3
• Urea
• Amides amines amino acids, and some peptides
• Inorganic NPN (usually salts)
• Ammonium chloride, ammonium phosphates and
  ammonium sulfate.

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NPN conts

• Ammonia is rapidly incorporated into AA and
  microbial protein for use in the host as a
  protein source.
• Thus the animal does not utilize urea directly.
  Feeding the microbes.
• Not used in monogastrics

• Usually refers to added sources
• Urea
• Primarily in function rumen
• Rapidly hydrolyzed to ammonia and carbon dioxide.
  (NH3 and CO2)