???????????????Biodiversity Management in the Coastal Area of the China

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???????????????Biodiversity Management in the
Coastal Area of the Chinas South Sea (BMCACSS)
?????? (United Nations Development
Program) ??????(Global Environmental
Facility) ????? (State Oceanic Administration )
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Strategies to develop an UNDP project

• An UN project must have global significance
• As UN project is country-driven project, it must
  have full support of central government
  (endorsement letter for Ministry of Finance)
• As project will be implemented at different site,
  it must have local governments commitment and
  support (interest)
• As project will also be community-based, it must
  be supported by local communities and various
  stakeholders.

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Strategies to develop an UNDP project

• Site selection needs to consider all the
  baselines (governmental support, stakeholders
  support, existing management system, existing
  strength, global and national significance,
  threats/root-causes (must be removable)
• Best way to achieve these is to conduct careful
  site visits, local stakeholder consultation,
  workshops, social-economic assessment.

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Strategies to develop an UNDP project

• Based on existing baseline information to design
  GEF proposal
• Proposal shall focus on the removable threats
• Proposal shall come up with actual strategies for
  removing threats, including budget, co-finance,
  communitys inputs.
• Proposal shall also include component of
  assessment and monitoring.

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???????????????BMCACSS

• ?????? (Starting day)2000?9?(Sept. 2002)
• ???? (Sponsor Agent)?????? (GEF)
• ???? (Applicant) ?????? (UNDP)
• ??????(Implement agent)????? (SOA)
• ???? (Other sponsors) ???? (PRC government)
  /?????? (HKUST)
• ???? (Executing agent) ????????(UNOPS)
• ???? (Technical supporting agent)
  ??????(HKUST)/TIO

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Background

• 1996?,???? ???????? (Econet of South China Sea)
• 1997?,???? ?????? (International water Project)
• 1998?,???? ???????????????(BMCACSS)

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Nature of the project

• This is a national project of China which was
  submitted through UNDP to GEF for funding?
• It is not a research project but a management
  project focusing on biodiversity protection)?
• It is a national and local government-driven
  project with assistance of GEF)?

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Steering committee(???????)

• ????? (SOA) H Q Li (?? )
• ??????(UNDP) X A Hou
• ????????(UNOPS) G Gunther
• GEF????(GEF expert) C Cosslett
• ??????? (NPC) P Y Qian

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Objectives

• To protect globally significant biodiversity at
  4-6 significant demonstration sites in south-east
  China by
• Developing and implementing institutional
  procedures to incorporate biodiversity
  conservation into integrated coastal zone
  management frameworks,
• Increasing the capacity of local governments to
  address biodiversity conservation through the
  application of participatory approaches to
  resource use planning and management
• Providing a framework for adaptive co-management
  of coastal resources through improved monitoring,
  assessment, and sharing of data and information
• Promoting replication of models of biodiversity
  conservation through ICZM for application at
  other sites on the south-east coast of China.

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Background

• China is a mega-biodiversity country, having
  10 of species in the world.
• The highest levels of marine diversity along the
  South China Sea coast. 
• The main coastal ecosystems in southeast China
  include tropical subtropical forests,
  grasslands, marshes, and important marine
  systems.
• Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis),
  seagrass beds, sea cow (Dugong dugong), "living
  fossil" horseshoe crab species, Tachypleus
  tridentatus, nesting grounds for the loggerhead
  and green turtles, 200 species of reef building
  corals, habitat to thousands of fish and other
  invertebrate species.  
• high economic potential, e.g. extracts from coral
  reef organisms found in China recently have been
  developed into anti-cancer drugs with
  multi-million dollar sales.  
• Chinas coastal and marine biodiversity is under
  threat, due to unprecedented economic growth,
  social change and population growth, and faces
  many problems poorly planned land use,
  pollution, over-fishing and other forms of
  resource extraction..
• Many sites that are home to globally significant
  biodiversity are still in a condition amenable to
  interventions to sustainably remove the threats.
  
• This project is to develop management stratigy to
  conserve the globally significant biodiversity on
  selected sites.

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Threats to Biodiversity

• Poorly planned land use
• Pollution
• over-fishing and other forms of resource
  extraction/ directly related to conflict between
  economic development and conservation.
• Production took priority over protection,
  over-emphasis on economic development.  
• Consultation took priority over participation.
• Inappropriate fishing techniques (dynamite,
  poison, electricity).
• Mining of coral and sand for construction
  purposes.
• Cutting of mangrove forests.

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Major problems faced in China

• China has 5 national, 10 provincial and about 30
  county nature reserves along the South China Sea
  cost.  
• Incomplete national network of nature reserves
• Irrational establishment of nature reserves
• Unclear lines of authority
• Conflicts between economic development and
  conservation
• Lack of funds and low management skill levels
• Lack of law enforcement

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Fundable areas of GEF support

• Capacity building (????)training,
  scientific/technological support, monitoring
  program, management .
• Public education
• Some hardware (such as equipment)
• Planning and strategic development

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Step 1 Selection of site

• Criteria for site selection
• Globally significant biodiversity
• Existing baseline
• Interest and desire of local communities and
  government in biodiversity protection
• Threats fall in the category of GEF support
• Demonstratable
• Threats are removable through GEF support
• Complete set of project sites maximise
  cost-effectiveness in terms of demonstration
  value

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Step 2 Stakeholder consultations

• Preliminary consultations to establish the
  agreement in principle of local authorities and
  communities for each of the candidate sites.
• Local workshops at each site will be conducted to
  secure broad-based assessments of the issues to
  be addressed, status of and threats to
  biodiversity, and community development goals.
  This will complement existing information on
  biodiversity and threats, but where necessary,
  primary data collection will supplement
  information collected during the workshops (see
  below).
• Second-round of stakeholder consultations when
  PDF activities are nearing completion, and the
  full project strategy is at an advanced stage of
  development, during which local endorsement of
  proposed full project activities will be sought,
  and refinements made to such activities where
  consensus is found to be lacking. A
  Participation Plan will also be prepared for the
  full project in consultation with stakeholders,
  and will guide the choice of conservation
  strategy and design of interventions.

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Questions to be addressed through consultation
(????????)

• Questions concerning individual stakeholders
• What are your baseline activities of each
  stakeholder (details including financial-current
  and projected)
• Technical capacity (staffing, infrastructure,
  training background, budget)
• Scope of authority, jurisdiction, legal mandate,
  overlap and grey areas
• Data
• Biodiversity significance at global regional
  scale
• Threats, roots, removable threats
• What are the threats?
• Underlining causes
• What actions are needed to address the causes
• What would be the cost/risk to remove the threats
• How to monitor the effectiveness

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Questions to be addressed through consultation

• What can be done to remove the threats
• What are the social/economic constrains and
  impact
• What would be the cost/risk to remove the
  threats?
• Finance
• Who will pay for what?
• How to implement the plan?
• Management framework and coordination
• Roles and degree of involvement of city
  government
• Identification of missing stakeholders (research
  institutions, Bureau of Env. Prot.)
• ICZM planning

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Consultation report

• Social Feasibility Study, comprising a
  comprehensive stakeholder assessment, and
  recommendations regarding full project
  activities.
• Participation plan, listing activities to enable
  participatory processes, defining implementation
  responsibilities, and providing performance
  indicators (a summary of this information would
  be prepared for the proposal).
• Finalised ICZM committee structure and
  membership.
• Identification of training requirements

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Step 3 Biological and socio-economic assessment

• Justification of biodiversity importance of each
  of the sites, based on indicators of global
  significance
• Threats Analysis for each of the sites,
  indicating root causes
• What are the major threats
• Root causes of these threats and consequence
• Action and strategies to remove these threats
• Financial needs for removing threats
• Potential social impact, risk for action to
  remove the threats
• Socio-economic assessment
• Risk analysis
• Incremental cost analysis
• Design of monitoring system for adaptive
  management
• How to assess the effectiveness of the planed
  actions
• Establishment of database to facilitate data
  exchange and analysis

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Step 4 GEF Project Formulation

• The process of preparing the Project Brief would
  require
• Consensus building regarding site selection
  criteria, priorities, strategy, outputs and
  activities of the full project, based upon
  consultation with stakeholders, and a project
  formulation workshop to construct a logical
  framework of objectives, activities, outputs, and
  indicators.
• More detailed investigation and quantification of
  threats at the site level.
• Definition of institutional frameworks,
  stakeholders roles and responsibilities, and
  implementation modalities for the full project.
• An incremental cost analysis of the project to
  differentiate between baseline and incremental
  activities. PDF funds would be used to collect
  information on the baseline scenario, identify
  and cost incremental activities necessary to
  conserve biodiversity, and foster joint
  programming of baseline and incremental
  activities.
• Confirmation of co-financing for project
  components not eligible for GEF funding.
• Co-financing would have been secured to secure
  the sustainable development baseline.
• A consensus regarding the project strategy would
  have been obtained.

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The main body of the proposal shall include

• A summary of the global significance and unique
  biological and ecological attributes of each of
  the project sites, and the global benefits that
  would accrue from conservation intervention
• Details of the ecological, social and economic
  attributes of the sites
• A description of the threats facing each site and
  their root causes
• A clear strategy for mitigating threats and their
  underlying causes
• An account of the realistic baseline
• Identification of the sustainable development
  baseline (comprising additional activities
  required to address threats that may be justified
  in the domestic interest)
• Identification and justification of the
  incremental costs of activities needed to
  generate global conservation benefits, over and
  above the sustainable development baseline.
• Details of monitoring and evaluation measures
• Details of execution and implementation measures,
  with an accompanying organization programme

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Supporting documents

• Incremental Cost assessment describing global and
  domestic benefits, and justifying incremental
  costs for each output
• Logical Framework Assessment, with quantifiable
  indicators to measure impact, a list of sources
  of verification, and an outline of the
  assumptions and risks that underpin the project
• Details of the biodiversity values of each of the
  chosen sites, to supplement information provided
  in the main body of the Brief (from Components 1,
  2 and 3)
• Assessment of the risks affecting project
  implementation and outline of mitigation measures
• Summary of the Stakeholder Assessment and Social
  Feasibility Study, defining the roles and
  responsibilities of different groups in design,
  implementation, monitoring and evaluation (from
  Component 2)
• Maps of the project area (provinces and sites)
• List of reference materials

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Step 5 Implement, Monitoring and Evaluation

• When the project is approved, central government
  will implement the project with technical support
  from experts, UNDP
• Project implementation will be closely monitored
  by UNOPS and UNDP.
• Project will be evaluated periodically by
  international body

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Site Selection Report for GEF/UNDP PDF-B
(CPR/00/G41 BMCACSS)

• Presented by Pei-Yuan Qian
• Report written by PY Qian, C Cosslett, QL Zhou

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Initial candidate sites for this project

 
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Site Selection Activities

• Site visit 1 PY Qian, QL Zhou, C Cosslett
• Duration Feb. 11 to March 4, 2001
• Site Visited Inner Bay, Daya Bay, Dongzhai,
  Sanya, Dazhou Island, Sankou, Dongshan-Nanao,
  Longhai, Nanji Islands
• Site Visit 2 PY Qian, QL Zhou, H Si
• Duration May 19-29, 2001
• Site Visited Nanji Islands, Fangchenggang-Beilun
  Estuary, Qinzhou Bay, 72-paths, Weizhou Island
• Report preparation March-June

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Daya Bay, Guangdong Province

• Bordered by Huidong County Huiyang City and the
  Longguang District of Shenzhen city to its south
• Semi-closed bay with a mouth of 15 km2 in width
  opening into the South China Sea
• Subtropical monsoon climate
• Irregular semidiurnal tide

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Biodiversity significance

• Richest bay ecosystem in South China as it is a
  protected fishery resource reserve.
• 12 species of mangroves
• Chinese white dolphin (Sousa chinensis Osbeck),
  other dolphin spp found here.
• Sea Turtle Reserve in Daya Bay is the only
  National Natural Sea Turtle Reserve in China only
  breeding and nesting ground of green turtles
• 6 other species of turtles endangered or under
  national or international protection
• horseshoe crabs breeding ground
• important feeding ground for many migratory birds
  
• Small coral reefs
• breeding and nursing ground of many important
  commercial fishes, echinoderms, pearl oyster
• Wintering ground of migratory birds.

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Major challenges

• Existing staff not trained for biodiversity
  conservation
• Lack of the appropriate management framework for
  the entire bay
• Insufficient management and facilities of turtle
  reserve
• Rapid development of mariculture
• Increase in population
• Urbanization
• Coordination

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Sea turtle natural reserve
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• Management Status
• Pinghai National Turtle Natural Reserve
• 1992, the State Council approved the area as a
  national-level marine protected area
• Under direct management of DOF of the province
• 10 staff with annual operational budget about
  250k
• Received some funding from the government to
  conduct a tagging program on green turtle

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SanYa coral Reef Reserve

• Three distinct parts 5,600 ha
• The reefs, waters and eastern islets of Maozhou
• The coastal area and waters around the Luohuitou
  Cape to Yulin Cape
• The reefs and waters and islets of Yalong Bay

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Yalong Bay
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Biodiversity significance

• 110 Scleractinian reef-building corals
• 30 species of soft corals
• Acropora, Porites luteu, Goniastrea aspra
• gt 300 species of fish and 300 invertebrate spp
• gt 60 large benthic algae
• Major endemic and endangered species include
  Ptycodera flava, lossobalanus morteenseni,
  Pinctada maxima and gt 80 species of reef-building
  corals

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Strength

• Good management framework Sanya Marine Bureau
• Biodiversity Review of China categorises the area
  as IUCN Category IV, Habitat Management Area
• Good management baseline
• Good collaboration of reserve and private sectors
• Some international collaboration (NOAA UNEP and
  WWF)

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Problems

• Insufficient staffing and financial resources and
  protection system
• Lack of interpretation and communication
  facilities
• Illegal fishing activities
• More efficient patrolling
• Database on biodiversity is required

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• Yunxiao Zhang River Estuary Mangrove Provincial
  Reserve
• 3 staff
• mangrove protection, planning and monitoring
• Both reserves under management by Dongshan County
  under supervision of Zhangzhou Municipality
• Dongshan Aquatic Production Bureau is responsible
  for management of provincial natural reserves at
  this stage
• 50 staff

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Marine Nature Reserve at Nanji Islands, Zhejiang
Province

• Physical and ecological overview
• 201.06 km2 southeast sea area of Pingyang County
• subtropical monsoon marine climate
• possibly the highest marine biodiversity in China
  
• cold and warm temporal regions communities, but
  also contained many subtropical and warm
  temperature species

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Biodiversity significance

• 178 species of large seaweed rare species of 22
  species
• microalgae 459 spp, 30 species are the new
  record or new species in China
• 22 species of algae has been identified as rare
  species in China
• 421 species of shellfish, 36 shellfish species
  can only be found in Nanji in China
• considered a gene bank of marine shellfish and
  algae.

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Biodiversity significance

• Sea Turtles Caretta caretta olivacea, Eretmochlys
  imbricata, Dermochelys coriacea are protected
  species
• High plants such as Giycine soja Sieb et Zucc,
  Zanthoxylum nitidum, Maytenus diversifolius,
  Ardisia sieboldii Pgychotria serpens L. are the
  protected species in China
• very important fishing ground in China

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Travel to Nanji by a gunboat
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Core Zone of Nanji Reserve
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Risking our lives
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Red tide (nontoxic)
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Sea shells clinch on the rocks
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Strength

• Very good baseline (in both management and
  scientific research)
• High biodiversity significance due to high number
  of endemic species/pristine ecosystem
• Best management structure among all the sites
• MAB site of UNESCO in 1998 recognition by
  international society
• Focal point of National Nature Reserve
• Largest investment in infrastructure
• High level of interest of local government
• Threats removable

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Concerns???

• Resettlement issue may be an issue to someone but
  not an issue to me as there is no possible
  violation of human right or whatsoever. Local
  residents fully support this move as they will
  have better living conditions (better education,
  better hospital, better housing, better job
  opportunity yet no restriction to their resident
  on islands.

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Scoring practice to rank all the sites

• 17 criteria covering biodiversity, management
  baseline and so on
• Qian, Cosslett, Zhou gave individual scores
• All the scores summed and averaged
• 2nd round of more detailed analysis on top-ranked
  6 sites
• Recommendation

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Table 1 Site selection criteria and scorin
 
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Conclusions

• Top 6 sites represent different types of
  ecosystems
• Nanji Islands site (136 points) Highly
  recommended
• Sanya site (130 points) Highly recommended
• Sankou site (125 points) highly recommended
• Daya Bay (124 points) -- recommended
• Jiulongjiang estuary (122 points) recommended
  with reservation
• Inner Deep Bay site (117 points) recommended
  with reservation

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