Mainstreaming Risk and Disaster Management into Integrated Coastal Management

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Mainstreaming Risk and Disaster Management into
Integrated Coastal Management

• Nancy A. Bermas

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Outline

• Sustainable recovery opportunities to build
  back better
• Synergies of ICM and risk and disaster management
  
• Mainstreaming risk and disaster management into
  ICM
• Supporting the regional strategic framework for
  rehabilitation of fisheries and aquaculture in
  tsunami affected countries in Asia
• ICM scaling up in East Asia

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Pressures on the Coastal Zone

• Deforestation
• Removal or destruction of wetlands along
  riverbanks, estuaries and coastal zones
• Habitat destruction (e.g., mangroves, seagrasses
  and coral reefs)
• Unregulated coastal land reclamation
• Sand mining along the river mouth and coastal
  areas
• Inadequately planned coastal construction
• Other activities that physically alter the
  coastline

Reduction of resiliency and increase of exposure
and fragility of the coastal environment to the
full force of natural disasters
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The Hardest Hit Sector Fisheries and Aquaculture

• 300,000 deaths and missing, over 60,000 deaths in
  the fishing sector
• Livelihoods of over 1.5 million people in the
  fishing and aquaculture communities under threat
• Combined economic loss from 7 countries
• US520 million
• 11,073 fishing vessels destroyed or
• damaged
• 36,235 engines lost or damaged beyond
• repair
• 1.7 million units of fishing gears destroyed
• US200 million of damage to infrastructure
• such as aquaculture operations, fishing
• infrastructure and harbours

Fao 2005
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Building Back Better
A rehabilitated sector minus the past mistakes
and a substantial improvement over the
pre-tsunami condition

• Regional Strategic Framework
• Shared vision
• Getting rehabilitation and development right
• Guiding principles
• Putting people first
• Consistency with international and regional
  agreements and guidelines
• Best practices
• Fishing and aquaculture capacity
• Rehabilitation process
• Strategic elements
• Improving policy, institutions and processes
• Providing appropriate physical assets
• Restoring the natural environment
• Providing financial mechanisms
• Building human capacity
• Rebuilding and enhancing social assets resources
  and networks
• Implementation

CONSRN Consortium to Restore Shattered
Livelihoods in Tsunami-Devastated Nations
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Sustainable Recovery
Context and policy framework of disaster risk
reduction Sustainable Development

• Yokohama Strategy and Plan of Action 1994
• World Summit on Sustainable Development Plan of
  Implementation 2002
• Hyogo Framework of Action for 2005-2015 Building
  the Resilience of Nations and Communities to
  Disasters 2005
• Cairo Principles 2005

Application of ICM to support the long-term
recovery process
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Global Prescriptions for Sustainable Development
of Coastal and Marine Resources
Integrated Coastal ManagementRecommended
framework to achieve sustainable development of
coastal and marine resources

• Agenda 21 and the Rio Declaration
• WSSD Plan of Implementation
• Paris Conference on Oceans, Coasts and Islands
• Framework Convention on Climate Change
• Convention on Biological Diversity
• Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries
• Global Programme of Action for the Protection of
  Marine Environment from Land-based Activities
• Sustainable Development Strategy for the Seas of
  East Asia

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ICM, Risk Reduction and Management and Fisheries
Rehabilitation - Areas of Common Concern

• All aim to achieve sustainable development
• Related goals, approaches and initiatives
• Adopt an integrated planning and management
  approach
• Undertake policy reforms and institutionalization
• Develop and implement short-, medium-, and
  long-term management strategy and action
• Promote public awareness and stakeholders
  participation
• Enhance local capacity
• Information and scientific support
• Coordinated partnership/mechanism between sectors
  and agencies
• Sustaining financing mechanisms

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ICM as Framework for Risk and Disaster Management

• ICM implementation can be expanded to support
  risk reduction efforts by integrating
  hazard-thinking and risk reduction into ICM
  activities, in relation to human-induced as well
  as natural hazards

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UN-ISDR Framework
SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONTEXT
SOCIO-CULTURAL
The focus of disaster risk reduction
AWARENESS RAISING For change in behavior

• KNOWLEDGE DEVELOPMENT
• Information
• Education and training
• Research

• RISK FACTORS
• Vulnerability
• Social
• Economic
• Physical
• Environmental
• Hazards
• Geological
• Hydrometeorological
• Biological
• Technological
• Environmental

ECOSYSTEMS / ENVIRONMENTAL
Vulnerability/ capability analysis Hazard
analysis and monitoring

• POLITICAL COMMITMENT
• International, regional,
• national, local levels
• Institutional framework
• (governance)
• Policy development
• Legislation and codes
• Organizational development
• Community actions

RISK IDENTIFICATION AND IMPACT ASSESSMENT
POLITICAL
EARLY WARNING
DISASTER IMPACT
PREPAREDNESS

• APPLICATION OF RISK REDUCTION MEASURES
• Environmental management
• Social and economic
• development practices
• (including poverty alleviation,
• livelihoods, financial
• mechanisms, health,
• agriculture, etc.)
• Physical and technical
• measures
• Land-use/ urban planning
• Protection of critical facilities
• Networking and partnerships

EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
RECOVERY
ECONOMIC
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Opportunities for Mainstreaming Risk and Disaster
Management in East Asia
2 6 18 8 demonstration sites 18 parallel
sites
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Incorporating Elements of Risk and Disaster
Management into the ICM Process
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ICM Program Development and Implementation Cycle
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Mainstreaming Risk and Disaster Management into
ICM
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Mainstreaming Risk and Disaster Management into
ICM
Capacity building
Implement the action plans including coastal use
zoning
EP - Integrate risk disaster mgmt profile
Public awareness raising and stakeholders
participation
Coordinating mechanism
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Supporting the Regional Strategic Framework for
Fisheries and Aquaculture
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Strategic Elements
Strategic element 1 Improve policy, institutions
and processes
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Coordinating Mechanism for Interagency and
Stakeholders Collaboration and Partnerships
Xiamen, China
Strategic element 1 Improve policy, institutions
and processes
Executive Deputy Mayor of Xiamen Municipality
as chairperson, and several other Deputy Mayors
as vice-chairs.

• Planning Administration Bureau
• Environmental Protection Bureau
• Fishery Administration Bureau
• Tourism Administration Bureau
• Maritime Safety Superintendence
• Bureau
• Port Bureau
• Legality Bureau
• Coast Defense Office
• District Government
• Land Management Bureau

• Government Office
• Planning Commission
• Economic Commission
• Construction Commission
• Sciencetechnology Commission
• Transportation Commission
• Structural Reform Commission
• Haicang Management Commission
• Public Security Bureau
• Finance Bureau

Marine Management Coordination Group of Xiamen
Government
Marine scientists Engineers Urban planners Legal
experts Economists
Marine Management Office
Marine Experts Group
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Policy Reforms and Legislation Xiamen, China
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Coastal Strategy and Coastal Strategy
Implementation
Strategic element 2 Provide appropriate physical
assets Strategic element 3 Restore the natural
environment Strategic element 4 Provide
financial mechanisms Strategic element 5 Build
human capacity Strategic element 6 Rebuild and
enhancing social assets, resources and networks
Interagency/stakeholders
consultation
Coastal
Data collection
Strategy (CS)
Environmental
CS
CSIP
Risk Assessment
Declaration
IIMS
Implementation
Action
plans
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Coastal Strategy
Development of shared visions, strategies and
action plans

• Platform for stakeholders collaboration
• Endorsement of required actions from various
  stakeholders

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Storing Data in IIMS
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Fisheries Data
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IIMS Networking

• IIMS database are established in Manila Bay,
  Bohai Sea, Bali, Chonburi, Danang, Port Klang,
  Nampho Sihanoukville, Bataan, Batangas and
  Cavite.
• IIMS networking allows faster exchange of
  information among and between sites.

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Basic Approach to Risk Assessment/Risk Management
Basic Approach to Risk Assessment/Risk Management
Retrospective RA evaluation of changes that may
have occurred on the targets and identification
of significant causes for any adverse effects
observed. Prospective RA evaluation of the
likelihood that adverse effects will occur to the
targets based on environmental conditions that
currently exist or may exist in the future.
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Risk Assessment and Risk Management
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Bohai Sea Risk Assessment
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Coastal Strategy and Coastal Strategy
Implementation
Strategic element 2 Provide appropriate physical
assets Strategic element 3 Restore the natural
environment Strategic element 4 Provide
financial mechanisms Strategic element 5 Build
human capacity Strategic element 6 Rebuild and
enhancing social assets, resources and networks
Interagency/stakeholders
consultation
Coastal
Data collection
Strategy (CS)
Environmental
CS
CSIP
Risk Assessment
Declaration
IIMS
Implementation
Action
plans
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Enabling Policy and Functional Integration -
Coastal Use Zoning, Danang, Vietnam
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Restoration of Marine and Coastal
Habitats/Biodiversity
Chonburi ICM Demonstration Site, Thailand
Seagrass Transplantation
Marine Turtle Conservation Program
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Restoration of Marine and Coastal
Habitats/Biodiversity
Bataan ICM Parallel Site, Philippines
Mangrove Replanting

• 20 hectares covered since 2001
• Additional 20 hectares covered in 2005
• 4,500 households direct beneficiaries

Marine Turtle Conservation Program
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Destructive Fishing Practices Reduced
Bataan ICM Parallel Site, Philippines

• Bataan Provincial Anti-illegal Fishing Task Force
• Text a Crime Bataan Anti-Illegal Fishing
  Campaign
• 35 cases reported since May 2005
• 319 persons apprehended
• 13 cases filed in court

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Restoration of Marine and Coastal
Habitats/Biodiversity
Xiamen ICM Demonstration Site, China
Protection of Endangered Species
Mangrove Replanting

• 14 hectares covered since 1994

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Conflict Resolution Fisheries vs. navigation
Xiamen ICM Demonstration Site, China
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Laying up the Foundation for ICM Scaling up
ICM Codification

• ICM Scaling-Up
• 5 of Regional Coastline by 2009

• ICM Parallel Replication
• Bataan
• Shihwa
• Sukabumi
• Cavite
• Quangnam
• 10 sites in China
• 3 sites in Bali

• ICM Demonstration
• Bali
• Chonburi
• Danang
• Nampho
• Port Klang
• Sihanoukville

ICM Working Model

• ICM Testing
• Batangas
• Xiamen

Better Coastal Governance through Stronger Local
Alliance
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PEMSEA Network of Local Governments for
Sustainable Coastal Development (PNLG)

• Code of Conduct

• Annual Forum
• Shihwa, RO Korea (2001)
• Xiamen, China (2002)
• Klang, Malaysia (2003)
• Bali, Indonesia (2005)
• Hainan, China (2006)
• Danang, Vietnam (2007)
• RO Korea, (2008)
• Sihanoukville, Cambodia (2009)

• Secretariat - Xiamen

• Sharing Knowledge, Experiences, and Expertise in
  ICM
• Collective policy advocacy toward national
  governments and international organizations/donors

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Key Points
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Building back better requires improvements in
local governance, stakeholders participation,
coastal planning, environmental rehabilitation,
community-based disaster preparedness and
strengthening measures to protect the environment
to build sustainable communities and livelihoods.
2
The ICM framework and processes ensure a holistic
coverage of concerns and procedures to
systematically address environmental management
issues.
3
ICM implementation can be expanded and
strengthened to support risk reduction and
rehabilitation strategies including fisheries
and aquaculture.
4
The best practices have been codified they only
need to be applied.
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12-16 December 2006 Haikou City, Hainan Province,
China
www.pemsea.org