Exploration and Expansion 1400-1800

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Exploration and Expansion1400-1800

• Chapter 16 Section 1

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Whats Your Opinion

• A nations need for natural resources encourages
  national commitment to exploration and discovery.
• Natural Resource- land or raw materials occur
  naturally within environments that exist
  relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural
  form.
• Natural Resource include
• Agriculture
• Air, wind and atmosphere
• Plants
• Animals
• Wildlife
• Coal and Fossil fuels
• Soils
• Water, Oceans, Lakes and Rivers

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Whats Your Opinion

• Exploration can lead to confrontations and
  mistreatment of conquered peoples.

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The Main Idea

• The Scientific Revolution challenged and changed
  the way people thought about the world.
• 1543

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From Magic to Science

• Well into the 1500s
• Many Europeans saw little difference between
  science and magic.
• Alchemists used spells and magic formulas to try
  to change one substance to another
• Lead into gold
• Astrologers believed that the position of the
  stars in the sky influenced human life.
• Full moon?
• Cures

THIS MEANS NO TEST FOR CHAPTER 16!!!
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From Magic to Science

• Scientific Revolution
• People began to use experiments and mathematics
  to understand these mysteries.
• People no longer were content to explain the
  world in terms of
• Religious thought
• Magic
• Or ideas of ancient writers

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The Study of Nature

• Scientists now formed conclusions based on what
  they could observe with their own senses.
• Instead of relying on classical Greek and Roman
  thinkers.

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The New Study of Nature

• Scientists used mathematics to check and apply
  those measurements
• They would repeat their experiments to make sure
  they have the same result
• Based on what they observed they made
  conclusions.
• These steps and manner of study is called
• Scientific method

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Chart for Test

• 1. Ptolemy- Geocentric
• Biblical references Psalm 931, 9610, and 1
  Chronicles 1630 include text stating that
• "the world is firmly established, it cannot be
  moved."
• In the same manner, Psalm 1045 says,
• "the Lord set the earth on its foundations it
  can never be moved."
• Further, Ecclesiastes 15 states that
• "And the sun rises and sets and returns to its
  place" etc.46

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• In the A.D. 100s,
• Ptolemy (tull-uh-mee) stated that EARTH was the
  center of the universe
• Sun and planets moved around the Earth
• Ptolemys theory is called geocentric theory
• Geo Earth
• centric- centered

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Astronomy

• Nicolaus Copernicus
• 1500s
• Abandoned Ptolemy's geocentric theory
• He argued that the SUN was the center of the
  universe
• De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the
  Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres),
• published in 1543 just before his death
• is often regarded as the starting point of modern
  astronomy and the defining epiphany that began
  the scientific revolution
• Copernicus developed the heliocentric theory
• Or sun-centered theory
• How do you think people reacted to this theory?
• What did the people see? As in with the Earth?

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Astronomy

• The problem was
• Copernicus did not have the instruments nor
  mathematics to prove his theory.
• It was just a hypothesis, or guess

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• Johannes Kepler
• Brilliant mathematician
• Used models, observation and mathematics to test
  Copernicus's theory.
• Some of Copernicus ideas were wrong
• But Kepler eventually proved the heliocentric
  theory CORRECT.
• But now how we can we prove it to everyone?

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Chart for Test

• 1. Ptolemy- Geocentric (100s)
• 2. Nicolaus Copernicus (1543)
• 3. Johannes Kepler (early 1600s)
• 4. Galileo Galilei (1616)

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• Galileo Galilei
• Built a telescope and began studying the heavens.
• Made improvements
• Able to see things that no one had ever seen.
• Mountains and valleys of the moon
• Rings around Saturn
• Spots on the sun
• Moons circling Jupiter
• Drew sketches of the things he observed
• Did he publish his works?
• Published his findings in 1632

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Astronomy

• His work caused an uproar
• Scholars that still believed in Ptolemy's theory
  refused to accept Galileos theory.
• Church scholars disapproved Galileos theory that
  seemed to contradict the Bible.
• Telescope was an invention of the devil

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Physics

• Isaac Newton
• 1687
• Published a book building on the work of
  Copernicus, Kepler, and Galileo
• Newton showed that the motions of objects on
  Earth and of celestial bodies are governed by the
  same set of natural laws
• by demonstrating the consistency between Kepler's
  laws of planetary motion and his theory of
  gravitation, thus removing the last doubts about
  heliocentrism and advancing the scientific
  revolution.
• Realized that the force that holds the planets in
  their orbits and the force that causes objects to
  fall to Earth are one and the same.

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Physics

• Isaac Newton
• Proposed the law of universal gravitation
• All bodies attract each other and this attraction
  can be measured.
• He tied together the movement of all things in
  the heavens and on Earth.
• Newtons work had a huge impact on the science of
  his time and today
• Automobile seatbelts
• Space travel

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Anatomy

• Andreas Vesalius
• 1543
• Published On the Fabric of the Human Body
• Illustrations of the human body that were
  detailed for the time.
• Helped readers gain a visual understanding of
• the many complicated components of the body
• and of how they work together.
• William Harvey
• Studied the circulation of blood
• Described how blood moved through the veins and
  arteries
• Observed the working of the bodies most important
  muscle
• The heart