AP World History

1
The Principles of ImperialismEuropean
Imperialism

• AP World History
• Unit 4

2
Old Imperialism

• Occurred between 16th and 18th centuries.
• European powers did not usually acquire territory
  but rather built a series of trading stations.
• Except for Spain in Americas and Portugal in
  Brazil.
• Respected and frequently cooperated with local
  rulers in India, China, Japan, Indonesia, and
  other areas.
• These were areas where trade flourished between
  locals and European coastal trading centers.
• Economic penetration of non-European regions in
  the 19th century.

3
The New Imperialism Motives and Methods

• The New Imperialism was a massive explosion of
  territorial conquest.
• The imperial powers used economic and
  technological means to reorganize dependent
  regions.
• This brought them into the world economy as
  suppliers of food and raw materials, and as
  consumers of industrial products.
• In Africa and other parts of the world, this was
  done by conquest and colonial administration.

4
The Tools of the Imperialists

• The Industrial Revolution provided technological
  innovations that made it possible for Europeans
  and Americans to build the New Imperialism.
• Steamships, the Suez Canal, and submarine cables
  gave European forces greater mobility and better
  communications than Africans, Asians, or Latin
  Americans.
• The discovery that quinine could be used to
  prevent malaria allowed Europeans to enter Africa
  in large numbers for the first time.
• The invention of the breech loader, smokeless
  powder, and the machine gun widened the gap in
  the use of firearms and made colonial conquests
  easier than ever before.

5
Imperialism and the Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial revolution brought about a greater
  need for raw materials.
• As a result many European countries began to seek
  raw materials from the continents of Asia,
  Africa, and South America.
• While seeking out these raw materials the
  Europeans established their rule on these
  continents expanding an empire.
• Colonialism!
• Western imperialism was not new.
• Europeans had been influencing or conquering
  parts of the world since the 1400s.
• Columbus
• Spanish
• U.S. grew from coast to coast during 1700s.

6
Imperialism

• Imperialism
• Process through which a state attempts to control
  the economic, political, and/or cultural makeup
  of another state.
• Colonialism
• The most developed form of Imperialism whereby
  the controlling state invades another
  state/region so as to exploit its resources
  and/or for the purposes of large-scale
  production.
• Between 1815-1914 the West (Europe and America)
  increased their control of the worlds land mass
  from 35-85!

7
New Imperialism

• In the 1870s, Europeans colonized Asia and Africa
  by using military force to take control of local
  governments.
• Exploited local economies for the raw materials
  required by Europes growing industry.
• Imposing Western values to benefit the
  backwards colonies.

8
European motives for colonization

• Industrial Revolution.
• Sources of raw materials.
• Markets for finished goods.
• European Racism.
• White Mans Burden
• Social Darwinism.
• European Nationalism.
• Missionary Activities.
• Military and Naval Bases.
• Places to dump unwanted or excess population.
• Social and Economic Opportunities.
• Humanitarian Reasons.

9
Causes of Imperialism
10
Economic

• Industrialization gave the West the ability to
  conquer other parts of the world.
• As well as more reasons to do so.
• Large-scale industrial production made Western
  factories demand more raw materials.
• This could be seized from less powerful nations.
• Western nations needed markets for the goods
  produced.
• Colonies would serve as potential markets.
• Immense wealth allowed the Western world to
  conquer far-off places.

11
military

• Industrialization provided new weaponry for the
  armies and navies of the West
• Ocean-going fleets.
• Modern rifles and rapid-fire artillery.
• Native populations rarely resisted Western
  military forces.
• Growing need of Western nations to maintain bases
  and coal/oil stations around the world for naval
  and civilian fleets.
• Ships required repairs and refueling stations at
  strategic locations globally.

12
Social

• Europes rapid population growth during the
  1800s played a role in prompting imperial
  activity.
• Immigration to the Americas was an outlet.
• Millions came to the Americas.
• Another outlet was to leave home for colonial
  life.
• Ambitious or desperate families
• attempted to make their fortunes this way.

13
Science and Technology

• Instrumental in allowing the West to conquer and
  colonize.
• Knowledge was power.
• Advances in transportation, communication, and
  warfare brought by the Industrial Revolution
  enabled Western nations to build empires.
• New wave of exploration allowed for better
  knowledge of the geography of the world.
• Medical advances
• Made possible for Europeans and Americans to
  press into tropical regions.
• Quinine helped relieve symptoms of malaria
  yellow fever.

14
Cultural

• Sense of racial superiority was widespread among
  Westerners.
• Created a sense that Western nations were
  entitled to conquer colonize areas that
  appeared backwards or primitive.
• Cecil Rhodes, British imperialist, I contend
  that we are the finest race in the world, and the
  more of it we inhabit, the better.

15
Cultural

• In some cases, the belief was justified in
  crude and prejudiced ways.
• In other ways, the theory of social Darwinism was
  used to argue in favor of imperialism.
• Misguided application of survival of the
  fittest and natural selection.
• People who were technologically and culturally
  advanced were permitted to conquer those who were
  less.

16
Cultural

• Social Darwinism.
• West had a sense of racial superiority Darwins
  theory of natural selection and survival of
  the fittest applied to the human societies.
• Destruction and conquest of weaker races was
  natures way of improving the species.

17
Cultural

• Genuine conviction that it was the duty of white
  Westerners to teach and modernize the
  darker-skinned, supposedly primitive peoples,
  of Africa and Asia.
• English poet Rudyard Kipling, White Mans
  Burden.
• Attitude was well-meaning and heartfelt, but also
  condescending.
• European and American missionaries, doctors, and
  scientists, and colonial officials sometimes did
  good in the places they visited.
• They did so out of a subconscious sense of racial
  superiority, and often trampled on the beliefs
  and ideas of the natives.
• Interesting fact, he also wrote The Jungle Book.

18
Migration and advantages
19
European Migration

• Between 1815 and 1932 more than 60 million people
  left Europe.
• Migrants went primarily to European-inhabited
  areas
• North and South America
• Australia
• New Zealand
• Siberia
• European migration provided further incentive for
  Western expansion.
• Most were poor from rural areas, but not from the
  poorest classes.
• Due to oppressive land policies.

20
Western advantages

• Strong economies.
• Well-organized governments.
• Powerful armed forces.
• Superior technology and medicine.
• Maxim gun.
• Quinine.

21
Forms of Imperial control
22
Political

• Usually in the form of a colony.
• Governors and soldiers sent to control the
  people.
• Direct Rule
• The actual administration of government by
  representatives of the imperial power, usually
  supported by military and civilian services.
• French tried direct rule.
• Indirect Rule
• Ruling through cooperation with a native ruler or
  rulers who profit from the relationship.
• British used indirect rule.
• Example was the Raj in India.

23
economic

• Domination of the economy and trade of the weaker
  nation.
• In fact, this also affects political decisions
  and, therefore, sovereignty.
• In the 20th century would come to be known as
  neo-colonialism.

24
Protectorate

• A stronger nation protects a weaker nation from
  others.
• It still has great influence over the affairs of
  the protected nation
• Supposed to listen to advice of mother country.
• Local rulers left in place.
• Costs less to run than a colony.

25
Sphere of influence

• An area over which a powerful nation claims a
  vital interest and, in reality, claims the
  right to exert dominance.
• An outside power claimed economic (trading)
  privileges.
• China was the best example.

26
How imperialists changed local society
27
IMPERIALISTS USUALLY

• Substituted the local government system, legal
  system, and education system with their own.
• Substituted local economic practices with their
  own.
• Example include land ownership and trade.
• Substituted local cultural practices.
• Examples include language, dress, and social
  customs
• Video clip from the movie The Rabbit Proof Fence.
  
• Showing the efforts to change the culture of the
  Aborigines in Australia.
• Sometimes brutally, sometimes using a sympathetic
  local groups.

28
Land controlled by Other imperialistsbesides
the British
29
The French

• French Indochina.
• Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam
• French Africa
• Islands in the Caribbean.
• Tahiti.

30
The Russians

• Siberia.
• Spheres of influence in Manchuria Korea.

31
The united states

• Guam
• Philipines
• Cuba
• Puerto Rico
• Hawaii
• Samoa other Pacific Islands

32
The japanesse

• Taiwan
• Sphere of influence in Korea Manchuria.

33
Impact of imperialism
34
Percentage of European possessions

• European countries and their possessions as a
  percentage of the world land mass.
• 1800 55
• 1878 67
• 1914 84
• WOWthis looks like it would be a great concept
  for a map assignment! ?

35
THE WORLD ECONOMYAND THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT
36
EXPANSION OF THE WORLD ECONOMY

• The industrial revolution greatly expanded the
  demand for spices, silk, agricultural goods, and
  raw materials in the industrialized countries.
• The growing need for these products could not be
  met by traditional methods of production and
  transportation.
• The imperialists brought their colonies into the
  mainstream of the world market and introduced new
  technologies.
• The greatest change was in transportation.
• Canals, steamships, harbor improvements, and
  railroads cut travel time and lowered freight
  costs.

37
TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT

• The economic changes brought by Europeans and
  Americans altered environments around the world.
• Forests were cleared for tea plantations.
• Plant species were identified and classified.
• Commercially valuable plants were transported
  from one tropical region to another.

38
TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT

• The expansion of permanent agriculture and the
  increased use of irrigation and water control led
  to increased agricultural production in both
  well-watered and dry areas of the tropics.
• Agricultural development supported larger
  populations, but it also put more pressure on the
  land.

39
TRANSFORMATION OF THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT

• Railroads consumed vast amounts of land, timber,
  iron, and coal while opening up previously remote
  land to development.
• The demand for gold, iron, and other minerals
  fueled a mining boom that brought toxic run-off
  from open mines and from slag heaps.

40
The positive and negative legacy of imperialism
41
Positive the benefits

• Infrastructure development.
• Ports, roads, railroads, etc.
• Advantages of European institutions.
• Schools, hospitals, legal systems, etc.
• Economic development of resources.

42
negative the disadvantages

• Exploitation of native populations for cheap
  labor.
• Resources were exported to the advantage of
  Europe.
• Some depleted.
• Dependency on economic systems.
• Later, no preparation for independence.
• Devaluation of traditional cultures.
• Long term legacy of poverty in the world economic
  system.
• Led to independence movements after WWII.
• Some peaceful and some violent.