World Exploration

1
World Exploration

• Why was it Spain that sent someone to find the
  Indies to the West instead of another country?
• (After all, other countries had been more
  advanced in maritime expeditions)

2
The Vikings

• Why not the Norsemen from Scandinavia? Eriksson
  others _at_1000AD
• Why did they travel? Viking means Raiding
• They found North America 500 years before
  Columbus
• They were sailing to plunder others for their
  wealth
• They found nothing to plunder in North America
• The Irish monasteries were their targets
• The monks fled westward to Greenland and maybe
  beyond - chronicles note of a 40 day voyage
  westward to a flat treeless island with grapes as
  large as apples maybe an island in the
  Caribbean

3
The Chinese

• Why not the Chinese?
• Cheng Ho 1405-1433 led a series of sea voyages
  from Japan to Zanzibar
• Had up to 317 ships
• 180 feet long with 5 masts (larger than ships
  built in Europe for the next 100 years)
• Used a magnetic compass - the Europeans
  considered it a tool of fortune tellers
• China sailed to neighboring countries 7 times NOT
  to trade or conquer BUT to impress. When done
  impressing they went back to China and closed
  within themselves.

4
The Arabs

• Why not the Arabs?
• Invented the Square sail used for what?
• Sailed the Indian Ocean for centuries before the
  Discovery of America
• They were the delivery men for spices to Italy
• Venice was the spice (pepper) trade capital
  (used the Arabs to transport from India to
  Italy HOW)
• Used the two monsoon seasons to go west and east
  using the square sail
• Why did the Europeans need pepper? Had no fodder
  to feed cattle in winter so they butchered many
  in the fall - pepper made the meat palatable
• Italians became very rich on pepper (sold
  for 30X
• its cost)

5
The Portuguese

• Why not Portugal?
• Lisbon was like Cape Canaveral of Europe at the
  time
• They went the other way around the earth to get
  to India
• 1488 Bartholomeu Dias
• 1499 Vasco De Gama

6
The Spanish

• Thus we are left with Spain
• They were lucky, no one had ventured out to
  discover the new world yet
• They had an exploratory spirit because they were
  just out of the dark ages and into the
  Renaissance
• They wanted to grab some of the riches that
  could be grabbed
• They competed with Portugal (their neighbor)
• Columbus was a great navigator
• It is said he could lean over his ship and look
  at the water rushing by the hull and estimate
  the speed to within 1/10 of a knot!
• Also to prevent despair he lied to his crew
  about how far they had traveled

7
Chapter 16 Objectives

• How did winning of overseas empires affect the
  economy of Europe?
• What global exchanges occurred as a result of
  European expansion overseas?
• How were the governments of the Spanish, French,
  and English colonies similar?
• How were they different?
• How were different cultures around the world
  brought into contact during the 1500s and 1600s?
• What role did Christian values and teachings play
  in the European colonization of the Americas?

8
I. Conquest in the Americas

• A. First Encounters
• 1. 1492 Columbus landed in Caribbean
• 2. Encounters Taino people
• 3. Notes they would be easy to convert
• B. Waves of Spanish conquistadors follow
• 1. Seize gold
• 2. Make Taino pan for more gold
• 3. European disease devastates Taino
• a. Smallpox
• b. Measles
• c. Influenza
• C. Native American Population declines 90

9
D. The conquistadors

• 1. Cortez in Mexico
• a. Landed on coast of Mexico 1519 with 600 men,
  16 horses, and a few cannons
• b. Malinche, a young Indian woman served as his
  translator and adviser
• c. She helped Cortez arrange alliances with
  discontent Aztecs
• 2. Montezumas Dilemma (Aztec Emperor)
• a. He sent gifts of gold, silver, and precious
  stones
• b. Cortez advanced steadily toward Tenochtitlan

10
The Conquistadors Continued

• 3. Fall of Tenochtitlan
• a. Strained relations between Aztecs and Spanish
• b. Montezuma was killed in fighting
• c. 1521 Cortez demolished Tenochtitlan
• d. Spain begins to build empire across Mexico
  and Central America
• 4. Francisco Pizarro in Peru 1532
• a. Helped by Indian allies Pizarro captures
  Incan ruler Atahualpa after slaughtering
  thousands of his followers
• b. Spanish kill Atahualpa despite paid ransom

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E. Reasons for Victory

• 1. Superior military technology
• 2. Division and discontent among the Indians
  aided the Spanish
• 3. Disease
• 4. Many Indians believed that the disasters they
  suffered marked the end of the world

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F. Ongoing Resistance

• 1. Mayas in the Yucatan region of Central America
  fought Spanish rule.
• 2. Natives fought by preserving aspects of their
  own culture- language, religious traditions,
  foods, clothing, pottery, etc.
• C. Looking Ahead
• 1. Flow of treasure from the Americas to Spain
• 2. Flood of wealth created benefits and problems
  for the economy of Europe

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II. Remaking the Americas-

• Spanish set out to impose culture and way of live
  on millions of subjects creating a new culture
  that reflected both European and Native American
  traditions.
• A. Ruling the Spanish Empire 1500s
• 1. Five provinces stretching from California to
  South America
• 2. Spain determined to maintain control over
  empire
• a. King set up Council of the Indies to pass
  laws for the colonies
• b. Viceroys were appointed to rule in the Kings
  name in each province
• c. Lesser officials, audiences were advisory
  councils of Spanish settlers

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3. The Catholic Church

• a. Winning souls for Christianity was as
  important as gaining land
• b. Church leaders often served as royal officials
• c. Franciscan, Jesuit, and other missionaries
  baptized thousands of Native Americans
• d. They emphasized the superiority of European
  culture over Native American traditions

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4. Economy

• a. Spain closely controlled trade
• b. Colonist could only export to Spain
• c. Most valuable resources were silver and gold.
• d. Sugar cane became a profitable resource
• i. Plantations large estates run by an owner or
  the owners overseer requires large numbers of
  workers
• ii. Encomiendas the right to demand labor or
  tribute from Native Americans in a particular
  area- used to enslave

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5. Bartolome de las Casas

• priest who condemned the encomienda system
• a. 1542 Spain passed the New Laws of the Indies
  forbidding enslavement of Natives
• b. Spain was to far to enforce laws
• c. Many were forced to become peons workers
  forced to labor for a landlord in order to pay
  off a debt

17
6. Workers from Africa

• a. Workers form Africa were immune to tropical
  diseases fueled African slave trade
• b. Settlers imported millions of Africans

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B. Social Classes

• - unique mix of peoples gave rise to a new social
  structure
• 1. Peninsulares- at top of colonial society
  people born in Spain, they filled highest
  positions
• 2. Creoles, American-born descendents of Spanish
  settlers, they owned plantations, ranches, and
  mines
• 3. Mestizos- people of Native American and
  European descent
• 4. Mulattoes- people of African and European
  descent
• 5. Native Americans and Africans formed the
  lowest social classes

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C. Colonial Culture

• 1. Cities-centers of government, culture and
  commerce
• 2. Education- Universities were built to fill
  Churchs need for educated priests
• 3. Cultural blending-cultural diversity

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D. The Portuguese in Brazil

• 1. Treaty of Tordesillas 1494- Portugal claimed
  Brazil
• 2. No instant wealth from silver or gold
• 3. Turned to agriculture and cattle raising
• 4. Five million Africans were sent to Brazil
• 5. Began clearing rainforest

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E. Challenging Spanish Power

• 1. Queen Elizabeth knighted Francis Drake for his
  daring raids on Spanish treasure ships
• 2. Dutch, English, and French hunted for rich
  gold empires in the Americas

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III. Struggle for North America

• 1500s and 1600s European powers moved into the
  Americas and built settlements
• A. Building a New France
• 1. 1500s French fishing ships off Newfoundland,
  Canada
• 2. 1608 Samuel de Champlain built first
  permanent French settlement in Quebec
• 3. Missionaries followed bringing Christianity

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B. Slow Growth

• 1. French fur traders claimed vast territory
  (Quebec- Gulf of Mexico)
• 2. Wealthy landlords owned huge tracts along the
  St. Lawrence River
• 3. Learned survival and trapping skills from
  Native Americans
• 4. Many married Native American Women

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C. Government Policy

• 1. French King Louis XIV wanted to boost tax
  revenues
• 2. He sent settlers and soldiers to North America
• 3. Prohibited Protestants from settling in New
  France
• 4. Population still lower than English colonies

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D. The 13 English Colonies

• Virginia, Massachusetts, Maryland, Rhode Island,
  Connecticut, New Hampshire, North Carolina, South
  Carolina, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
  Delaware, and Georgia
• 1. Jamestown, Virginia 1607- many died of
  starvation and disease
• 2. 1620 Pilgrims and band of English Puritans, a
  Protestant group, who rejected the practices of
  the official Church of England landed at
  Plymouth, MA
• a. Mayflower Compact set out guidelines for
  governing
• b. Early step toward self-government
• c. Native Americans helped them survive
• D. Later established Massachusetts Bay Colony

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3. Growth in the1600s- 1700s

• a. Colonies became havens for persecuted
  religious groups
• b. Geographic conditions helped shape different
  ways of life
• c. Africans were brought to the colonies and sold
  as slaves
• 4. Government
• a. English monarchs asserted control over their
  American colonies
• b. Parliament passed laws to regulate colonial
  trade
• c. English colonies had their own representative
  assembly elected by propertied men

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E. Caught Up in Global Power Struggles

• 1.1600s Spain, France, England, and the
  Netherlands competed for trade and colonies
  around the world
• a. Dutch 1664 New York
• b. French Haiti, Guadaloupe, and Martinique
• c. English Barbados and Jamaica

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2. British-French Rivalry

• 1700s seeking power around the globe
• a. Seven Years War erupted in Europe in 1756 in
  English colonies it was called French and Indian
  War
• b. French had more territory, British more people
• c. French allied with Indians

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3. The Treaty of Paris ended the war

• a. France ceded Canada and its lands east of he
  Mississippi
• b. British forces French out of India
• c. France regained rich sugar-producing islands
  in Caribbean and slave outposts in Africa
• d. Treaty ensured British dominance in North
  America.

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F. Impact on Native Americans

• 1. Some Native Americans traded or formed
  alliances with the Europeans
• 2. Arrival of horse changed buffalo-hunting
  Indians
• 3. Clashes erupted- English victorious because of
  superior weapons
• 4. Native Americans Moved westward
• 5. Disease- Native American Population plummeted
  9/10
• 6. Legacy- new culture emerged

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IV. Turbulent Centuries in Africa

• - first European encounters 1400s creating
  diverse societies spread of Islam
• A. European Outposts in Africa
• 1. Portuguese ships explores coast of West
  Africa 1400s
• a. Built small forts
• b. Trade for gold
• c. Collect food, water, and repair ships
• d. With muskets and cannons took control of
  Mombasa and Malindi
• E. Trade eventually dwindled and sunk into
  poverty
• 2. Dutch, English, and French followed and
  exchanged muskets, tools, and cloth for gold,
  ivory, hide and slaves

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B. The Atlantic Slave Trade

• -1500s Slaves were most important item of African
  Trade
• 1. European Slave traders in Africa 1500s
• 2. Grew out of need for labor in Spains American
  empire
• 3. 300 year profitable business
• 4. Europeans relied on African traders to bring
  captives form interior to coastal trading posts
  in exchange for textiles, metalwork, rum,
  tobacco, weapons, and gunpowder
• 5. Horrors of the Middle Passage- part of a
  three-legged trade network that sent raw
  materials from the Americas to Europe, slaves
  from Africa to the Americas, and manufactured
  goods from Europe to Africa
• 6. Floating Coffins

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C. African Leaders Resist

• 1. King Affonso I, ruler of Kongo in west-central
  Africa
• A. .Attempted to build a modern Christian state
  in Kongo1505
• b. Called on Portuguese missionaries
• c. Disheartened by sale of slaves
• D .His efforts could not compete with high
  prices paid for slaves
• 2. The Almamy of Futa Toro in northern Senegal
• a. Tries to halt slave trade in his lands
• b. 1788 he passed a law forbidding anyone to
  transport slaves
• c. The inland slave traders worked out another
  route for bringing their captives to the coast.

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D. Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade

• 1. 1500s about 2,000 enslaved Africans were sent
  to Americas
• 2. 1780s 80,000 per year
• 3. Estimated 11 million enslaved Africans reached
  Americas
• 4. 2 million died on the voyage
• 5. Loss of young women and men from West Africa
• 6. Population drain
• 7. Small states disappeared forever

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E. Rise of New States

• 1600s and 1700s (Oyo, Bornu, and Dahomey
• 1. The Asante Kingdom
• a. Military Leader Osei Tutu won control of
  trading city of Kumasi
• b. Conquered neighboring peoples and claimed
  divine right
• c. Managed royal monopolies over gold mining and
  the slave trade
• d. Asante traded with Europeans exchanging gold
  and slaves for firearems
• 2. Islamic Crusades 1700s and 1800s
• a. Islamic revival spread across West Africa
• b. Fulani people in northern Nigeria created a
  powerful Islamic State

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F. Conflicts in Southern Africa

• 1. Bantu speaking peoples migrated into southern
  Africa
• 2. Dutch immigrants also settled in the region
  and built Cape Town
• 3. Boers, Dutch Farmers settled around Cape Town
• a.Boers held to a Calvinist belief that they were
  the elect of God and looked on Africans as
  inferiors
• b.Boers pushed north and battled Zulus

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Conflicts Continue

• 4. Shaka- Zulu leader in 1800s
• a. 1818-1828 Shaka waged war
• b. Disrupted life across southern Africa
• 5. Boers versus Zulus
• a. Boers moved north to avoid British laws
  abolishing slavery Great Trek
• b. Boers encountered Zulus and fighting broke out
  Boers had guns

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V. Changes in Europe

• How did European explorations led to a global
  exchange?
• What economic changes occurred in Europe in the
  1500s and 1600s?
• What social changes took place in Europe during
  the 1500s and 1600s?

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A. Global Exchange

• 1. New Foods
• a. From Americas tomatoes, sweet potatoes,
  pumpkins, squash, beans, manioc, pineapples,
  peppers, tobacco, chocolate, corn, an the potato
• b. To the Americas wheat, melons, grapes,
  bananas, coconut palms, coffee, sugar cane,
  cattle, pigs, goats, and chickens
• 2. Impact on Population the population of
  people around the world exploded
• 3.Migration of people and Ideas
• a. The Columbian Exchange- sparked the migration
  of millions of people
• b. Vast movement led to the transfer of ideas and
  technologies

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B. A Commercial Revolution

• - European conquest of empires in the Americas
  and increased trade with Asia contributed to
  dramatic economic changes.
• 1. The Price Revolution
• a.Inflation- economic cycle that involves a rise
  in prices linked to a sharp increase in the
  amount of money available today.
• b.As population grew the demand for goods and
  services rose.
• c.Increased silver and gold increased the amount
  of money in circulation, combined with the
  scarcity of goods, caused prices to rise.

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2. Growth of Capitalism

• a. Capitalism- the investment of money to make a
  profit increased as trade expanded.
• b. Entrepreneurs- enterprising merchants,
  organized, managed, and assumed the risks of
  doing business.
• c. Sought to expand into overseas ventures and
  were willing to take risks
• d. Created International trading system

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3. New Business Methods

• a. Adapted bookkeeping methods to show profits
  and losses
• b. Banks would lend money at interest
• c. Insurance to reduce the risk of financial
  disaster
• d. Joint Stock Company- allowed people to pool
  large amounts of capital needed for overseas
  ventures

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4. Bypassing the guilds

• a. Guilds had strict rules regulating quality,
  prices, and working conditions
• b. The putting out system separated capital and
  labor for the first time

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B. Mercantilism

• 1.Foreign Trade- a nations real wealth is
  measured in its gold and silver treasure
• 2.A nation must export more goods than it
  imported
• 3.The role of colonies
• a. Existed for the benefit of the parent country
• b. Colonies should serve as a market for its
  manufactured goods
• c. Strict laws regulate trade
• 4.Increasing National Wealth
• a. Boost production
• b. Clear wasteland
• c. Exploit mineral and timber resources
• d. Drain swamps
• e. Built roads and canals
• f. Sold monopolies
• g. Tariffs- takes on imported goods, to protect
  local industries from foreign competition

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C. The Lives of Ordinary People-

• Dependent on ones social class
• 1. Peasants- majority of population was
  unaffected by economic changes
• 2. Growing cities- great differences in wealth
  and power
• 3. Family
• a. Nobility lived with immediate and distant
  relatives
• b. Other classes- traditional nuclear family
  focused on education and arranged marriages

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4. Women-

• families were patriarchal.
• a. Society stressed modesty, household economy,
  obedience, and family.
• b. Had no property or legal rights.

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B. Looking Ahead- 1500s- 1600s

• 1. Europe dominated the Globe
• 2. As their horizons broadened, they had to
  reexamine old beliefs and customs.