The Muslim World

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Chapter 11
The Muslim World
By Cheng Chen
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Section 1-Rise of Islam

• In years to come, Muhammad would be recognized
  by millions of Muslims as the Prophet. Islamic
  would be carry out through three continents and
  it would be one of the most powerful foces in
  world history.

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Oasis Towns and Desert Life

• Islam appeared in the Arabian Peninsula, parts of
  southwestern Asia.
• Many Arab clans at that time were nomadic
  herders, called Bedouins, adapted to the
  conditions of the desert. Using camels, they
  crossed long streches of blistering, sandy desert
  in search of seasonal paturelands.
• Bedouins regularly traded with other Arabs who
  had settled in oasis towns like Mecca in wester
  Arabia. Mecca was a bustling market town at the
  crossroads of two main caravan routes.
• Mecca was also a thriving pilgrimage center.
  Arabs came to pray at the Kaaba, an ancient
  shrine that Muslims today believe was built by
  the prophet Abraham.

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The Prophet Muhammad

• Muhammad was born in Mecca about 570. In his
  youth , he worked as a shepherd among the
  Bedouins. Later he became a successful merchant.
• In the age of 40 he heard the voice of angel
  Gabriel in the desert, the angel tells him to
  become the messenger of God.
• Muhammad devoted the rest of his life to
  spreading Islam. He urged people to give up their
  false gods and submit to the one true God.
• At first few people listened, in 22 faced with
  threat of murder, he and his followers left Mecca
  for Yathrib, a journet known as the hijra.
• In 630 he return to Mecca, and destroyed the
  idols in the Kaaba. He work to unit the Arabs.
• His death in 632 plunged his followers into
  grief. Later Abu Bakr was elected the first
  caliph, or seccessor to Muhammad.

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The Message of Islam

• Muslims believe in one all-powerful,
  compassionate God, who name is Allah.
• Islam also teaches that people are responsible
  for their own actions.
• Quran, is the sacred text of Islam
• There are Five Pillars of Muslim
• 1. There is no god but God, Muhammad is the
  messenger of God.
• 2. Daily prayer/ Muslims may pray anywhere/
  they often gathered in Mosque.
• 3. Giving charity to poor.
• 4. Fasting from sunrise to sunset during the
  holy month of Ramadan.
• 5. All Muslims are expected to visit the
  Kaaba at least once.

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Women in Early Muslim Society

• Islam affirmed the spiritual equality of women
  and men.
• The Quran fohibited the killing of daughters and
  ensured protetion for widow.
• Inheritance laws guaranteed a woman a share of
  her parents or husbands property.
• Muslim wome are freely to marriage and divorce.
• The amount of an inheritance given to a daughter
  ws less then a son.
• The Quran permitted a man to have up to four
  wives if he treated them all justly.

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Section 2-Islam Spreads

• Inspired by the teaching of Muhammad, Arab
  armies surged across the Byzantine and Persian
  empires. In short period of time, an Arabic
  empire reached from the Atlantic to the Borders
  of India.

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The Age of Conquest

• Under the fist four cliphs, Arab armies marched
  from victory to victory. They conquered great
  chunjs of Byzantine empire, including the
  provinces of Syria and Palestine wi the cities of
  Damascus and Jerusalem. Next was the Persian
  empire, then swept into Egypt and later defeating
  Byzantine forces across North Africa.
• Efficient fighting methods contributed to the
  Arab success.
• The key reason for Arab success was the common
  faith Myhammad had given his people.
• With the lands they conquere, Muslim leaders
  imposed a special tax on non-Muslims, but they
  were allow to pratice their own religion.

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The Muslim Presence in Europe

• The major areas of Muslim influence in Europe at
  this time were Spain and Sicily.
• For centuries, Spain was one of the most
  brilliant corners of the Muslim world. Princes
  encouraged poetry, the arts and sholarship.
• Also during the early Middle Ages, when Europe
  was weak, the Arabs seized control of Sicily and
  a number of other Mediterranean islands.

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Movements Within Islam

• Not long after Muhammads death, divisions arose
  within Islam over his successor. The split
  between Sunni and Shiite.
• The Sunnis felt that the claiph should be chosen
  by leaders of the Muslim community, and he should
  be viewed as a leader, not as a religious
  authority.
• The Shiites argued that the onlytrue successors
  to the Prophet were descendants of Muhammad.
• Ali became fourth caliph, but was assassinated in
  661. His son, too,was killed.
• The division between Sunni and Shiite Muslims has
  survided for more than 13,000 years.

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The Arab Empire

• After the death of Ali, the Umayyad family set up
  a dynasty that ruled the Islamic world until 750.
• The Umayyads faced numerous problems, to govern
  their empire they relied on local officials.
• Shiites hated the Umayyads because they had
  dishonored the Prophets family.
• Muslims found a new leader in Abu al-Abbas, and
  he then founded the Abbassid dynasty, which
  lasted until 1258.
• It was time of peace durin the Abbassid dynasty.
• From 786 to 809 , the claiph Harun al-Rashid
  ruled, he was seen as a model ruler and as a
  symbol of wealth and splendor.

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Decline of the Caliphate

• As the caliphs power faded, civil wars eruptd,
  and Shiite rulers took over parts of the empire.
  Between 900 and 1400, a series of invasions was
  also added to the chaos.
• In the the 900s, the Seljuk Turks migrated into
  the Middle East from Central Asia.
• In 1099, after a long and bloody siege, christian
  crsaders captured Jerusalem, a city holy to
  Christians, Muslims, and Jews. For 200 years, the
  city passed back and forth between Muslims and
  Christians.
• In 1216, Genghiz Khan led the Mongols out of
  Central Asia across Persian and Mesopotamia.
• In 1258, Hulagu, grandson of Genghiz, burned and
  looted Baghdad, killing the last Abbassid caliph.
• In the late 1300s, another Mongol leader, Timrith
  Lame , or Tamerlane, led his armies into the
  Middle East and conquer Muslim as well as
  non-Muslim lands. His armies overran Persia and
  Mesopotamia before invading Russia and India.

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Golden Age of Muslim Cilization

• By 830, the cliph had set up the House of
  Wisdom, a library and university in Baghdad.
  Under the Abbassids, Islam absorbed traditons
  from many cultures. A vital new cilvilization
  rose that flourished in cities from Damascus to
  Cairo to Cordoba and later to Delhi in India. The
  great works produced bu scholars of the Abbassid
  golden age shaped the Muslim world just as Greek
  and Roman classics shaped western culture.

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Society and the Economy

• The Muslim empire united people from diverse
  cultures, including Arabs, Persians, Egyptians
  and other Africans, and Europeans.
• Muslim scociety ws more open thatn that of
  medical Europe, people could move up in society,
  especially through reiligious, scholarly, and
  military achievements.
• Muslims could not be enslaved. Non-Muslim slaves
  could also be freed in many other ways.
• Between 750 and 1350 , merchants built a vast
  trading network across the Muslim world and
  beyong, spreading Islam peacefully in their
  wake.Muslim traders traveled the Silk Road from
  China.
• Handicraft manufacturing in Muslim cities was
  typically organized by guilds. Workers also get
  pay by wages.
• Muslim farmers cultivated sugar cane, cotton,
  dyes, medicinal herbs, fruits, vegetables, and
  flowers that were bought and sold in world
  markets.

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Muslim Art

• The Quran strictly banned the worship of idols,
  Muslim religious leaders forbade artists to potry
  God or human figures in religious art.
• The walls and ceilings or mosques were decorated
  with elaborate abstract and geomatric patterns.
• In nonreligious arts, some Muslim artists did
  paint human and animal figures.
• Muslim architects adapted the domes and arches of
  Byzantine buildings to new uses.

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Literature

• The great work of Islamic literature was the
  poetic Quran itself. Scholars studied the sacred
  words of the Quran in Arabic and then produced
  their own works interpreting its meaning.
• Bedouin poets chanted that the dangers of desert
  journeys, the joys of battle, or the glories of
  their clans. The most important theme, chivalry
  and the romance of nomadic life, recurred in Arab
  poetry.
• A Persian Muslims, name Firdawsi wrote in Persian
  using Arabic script. His masterpiece, the
  Shahnamah, or kings bood of kings, tells the
  history of persia in 60,000 verses.
• Omar Khayyam, famous in the Muslim world as a
  scholar and astronomer, is best known to
  westerners for The Rubariyat.
• Arab writers prized the art of storytelling. The
  best-known collection is The Thousand and One
  Night, a group of tales narrated bu the fictional
  pricess Scheherezade.

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The World of Learning

• Muslim scholars translated the works of the Greek
  philosophers, as well as many Hindu and Buddhist
  texts.
• In Cordoba, the philosopher Ibn Rushd known in
  Europe as Averroes-he puts all knowledge to the
  test of reason.
• Ibn Khaldun set standards for the scientific
  study of history, he stressed the importance of
  studying the causes of events.
• The greatest Muslim mathematician was
  al-Khwarizimi study of algebra.
• Muhammad al-Razi-the most respected doctor in the
  city, al-Razi was engaged in serious
  environmental research.
• Government set up hospitals for people, an
  injured people could get quick treatment similar
  to todays emergency room.
• Persian physician Ibn Sina, his great work was
  the Canon on Medicine, a huge ecyclopedia of what
  the Greeks, the Arab, and he himself had learned
  about the diagnosis and treatment of disese.

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Muslims in India

• Muslim invaders built a dazzling new Muslim
  empire in India. The arrival of Islam brought
  changes to India as great as those caused bu the
  Aryan migrations 2,000 years earlier. As Muslims
  mingled with Indians, each civilization asorbed
  elements from the other.

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The Muslim Advance

• The Gupta empire fell about 550, India fragmented
  in to many local kingdoms.
• Arab armies conquered the Indus Valley in 711,
  they advanced no farther into the subcontinent.
  About 1000, Turkish converts to Islam pushed into
  India.
• In the late 1100s, though, the sultan of Ghur
  defeated Hindu armies across the northern plain.
  He made Delhi his capital, his successors
  organized the Delhi sultanate, which lasted from
  1206 to 1526.

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Delhi Sultanate

• Muslim rule brought changes to Indian government
  and society. Sultans expanded their power over
  much India, introducing Muslim traditions of
  government.
• The newcomers helped create a brilliant
  civilization at Delhi, where Persian art and
  architecture flourished.
• In 1398, Tamerlane invaded India, he plundered
  the northern plain and smashed into Delhi. Ten of
  thousands of artisans were enslaved and marched
  off to build Tamerlanes capital at Samarkand.

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Meeting of Two Cultures

• Muslim conquest of northern India inflicted
  disaster on Hindus and Budhists.
• The Muslim advance brought two utterly different
  religions and cultures face to face. Hindus
  recognized many sacred texts and prayed before
  statues representing many gods and goddesses.
  Islam was a newer faith with a single sacred
  text.
• Some Muslim scholars argued that behind the many
  Hindu gods and goddesses was a single god.
  Hinduism was thus accepted as a monotheistic
  religion.
• An Indian holy man, Nanak, sought to blend Muslim
  monotheism and Hindu beliefs. His teaching s led
  to the rise of a new religion, Sikhism,in
  northern India.

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Mughal India

• In 1526, Turkish and Mongol invaders again poured
  through the mountain passes in Indian. At the
  head was Babur, who claimed descent from Genghiz
  Khan nad Tamberlane.
• Baburs force was small but had cannons, which he
  put to good use. Babur swept away the remnants of
  the Delhi sultanate and set up the Mugha dynasty,
  which ruled from 1526 to 1857.
• The chief builder of the Mughal empire was Babur
  grandson Akbar. His long reign, from 1556 to
  1605, earning the title Akbar the Great.
• Akbars son Jahangir was a weaker ruler than his
  father. But his wife, Nur Jahan, she was an able
  leader whose shrewd political judgment was
  matched only by her love of poetry and royal
  sports.
• The high point of Mughal literature, art and
  architecture came with the reign of Shah Jahan,
  when his wife, Mumtaz Mahal died he had a
  stynning tomb built for her, the Taj Mahal.

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The Ottoman and Savid Empires

• While the Mughals ruled India, two other
  dynasties, the Ottomans and Safavids, dominated
  the Middle East and parts of Eastern Eruope. In
  1453, Ottoman cannons blasted gaps in the great
  defensive walls cannons blasted gaps in the great
  defensive walls of Constntinople. The new
  military technology helped the Ottomans and
  Safavids create strong central governments. As a
  result, this period from about 1450 to 1650 is
  sometimes called the age of gunpowder empires.

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The Otoman Advance

• The Ottomans were yet another Turkish speaking
  nomadic people who had migrated from Central Asia
  into northwestern Asia Minor.
• In the 1300s, they expanded across Asia Minor and
  into the Balkans.
• In 1453, Muhammad II captured Constantinople,
  which he renamed Istanbul.
• In the next 200 years, the Ottoman empire
  continued to expand.
• In 1529 and 1683, Ottoman armies besieged Vienna,
  sending waves of fear through Western Europe.

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Ottoman Culture

• The Ottoman empire enjoyed its Golden ages under
  the sultan Suleiman, who ruled from 1520 to 1566.
• The Ottomans ruled diverse peoples who had many
  religions. Non- Muslims were organized into
  millets, or religious communities.
• Ottomans recruited officers for the army and
  government from among the huge populations of
  conquered people in their empire.
• The Ottoman empire was a powerful force for 500
  years. By the 1700s, however, European advances
  in both commerce and military technolgy were
  leaving the Ottomans behind.

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The Safavid Empire

• By the early 1500s, the Safavids, a
  Turkish-speaking dynasty, had united a strong
  empire in present-day Iran.
• The outstangding Safavid ruler, Shah Abbas the
  Great, revived the glory of ancient Persia. From
  1588 to 1629, he centralized the government and
  created a powerful military force.
• To strengthen the economy, Abbas reduced taxes on
  farmers and herders and encouraged the growth of
  industries.
• Under Abbas, Isfahan flourished as a center of
  Persian culture. He welcomed artists, poets, and
  scholars to the court.
• Safavid glory slowly faded after the death of the
  Shah Abbas, though the dynasty held onto power
  until 1722.
• In late 1700s, a new dynasty, the Qajars won
  control of Iran.

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Regent Questions

• 1) A major feature of the Golden Age of Moslem
  culture was the
• political and economic isolation of the Arab
  world
• development of the foundations of modern science
  and mathematics
• adoption of democratic government
• persecution of Jews and Christians

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Regent Questions

• 2) The contributions of the Golden Age of Islamic
  civilization include.
• advances in mathematics
• irrigation systems
• polytheistic beliefs
• gunpowder and guns

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Regent Questions

• 3) Which activity occurred during the Golden Age
  of Muslim culture?
• destruction of books containing Greek and Roman
  ideas
• beginning of pilgrimages to Mecca
• opposition to freedom of thought and to foreign
  ideas by rulers
• major discoveries in mathematics and science

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Regent Questions

• 4) Mansa Musas journey to Mecca in the 1300s is
  evidence that
• the Crusades had a great influence on western
  Africa
• most African leaders were educated in the Middle
  East
• European culture was superior to the cultures of
  western Africa
• Islam had a major influence on the Mali Empire

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Regent Questions

• 5) Which factor helps explain the scientific and
  literary achievements of the Muslims during their
  Golden Age (A.D. 800-1300)?
• expansion of trans-Atlantic trade
• innovations introduced by the Europeans during
  he Renaissance
• cultural diversity accepted by many Islamic
  governments
• legal equality of all people in the Islamic
  empire

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Answers

• 1.B
• 2.A
• 3.D
• 4.D
• 5.C

The End