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Chemical Signals in Animals

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Chapter 45 Chemical Signals in Animals Causes: Too much aldosterone Pituitary gland Growths Metabolic syndrome Other diseases Endocrine system cause Hypertension? – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Chemical Signals in Animals


1
Chapter 45
  • Chemical Signals in Animals

2
Basic info. on endocrine system
  • Involves hormones-to excite secreted into
    blood.
  • Cells that respond to hormones are called target
    cells. May be distant from origin.
  • Endocrine system-made of ductless
    glands-secrete into bloodstream.
    (Exocrine-secrete to surface)

3
  • Relationship to nervous system endocrine system
    contains neurosecretory cells. Ex.
    Epinephrine/Adrenaline-secreted by adrenal gland
    affects responses (fight-or flight) and acts as a
    neurotransmitter.
  • Both controlled by feedback

4
Hormones and invertebrates
  • Hormones control reproduction molting water
    balance, etc.
  • Ex. Ecdysone-produced by arthropods to trigger
    molting.
  • Brain hormone-increase in this production
    stimulates gland to produce ecdysone.
  • Juvenile hormone-maintains insect in larval stage

5
Signal transduction
  • Hormones usually attach to protein receptor of
    plasma membrane.
  • May initiate response of substance in cytoplasm
    or nucleus.
  • Ex. Human growth hormone. Causes bone cells to
    produce secretion.

6
  • Hormone may enter cell to cause signal
  • Ex. Steroid hormones-enter because they are
    lipids and can cross cell membrane.
  • Bind to intracellular receptors that behave as
    transcription factors-directly effect mRNA
    production from DNA.

7
Hormones may have affect on one tissue or
many. Ex. Sex hormones-affect gender
characteristics. Tropic hormones-those whose
target cells are part of another endocrine gland.
8
Pituitary Gland
  • Located at base of brain once referred to as
    master gland.
  • Produces tropic hormones-ones that have an effect
    on another endocrine gland.

9
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10
  • Hypothalamus receives brain signals which in turn
    stimulate pituitary gland.
  • Makes releasing hormones to turn on and
    inhibiting hormones to turn off pituitary
    secretions.

11
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12
ADH/vasopressin
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-causes reabsorption of
    water by kidneys.
  • Released if osmolarity of blood increases.
    (solute concentration).
  • As dilute blood reaches brain, shuts down release
    of ADH.

13
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14
Growth hormone-stimulates bone cells
15
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16
Pineal gland
  • Secretes melatonin.
  • Melatonin regulates functions based on light
    intensity.
  • Seasonal depression-high melatonin level due to
    low light intensity in winter.

17
Parathyroid
  • Releases PTH-raises blood Calcium level.
  • Calcium comes from bone-released by
    osteoclasts-bone destroying cells.
  • PTH also stimulates inactive vitamin D (from food
    or made by skin when absorbing sunlight) to
    become active.
  • Vitamin D helps in calcium absorbance from food.

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20
Thyroid gland
  • Calcitonin-lowers Ca ion levels in blood.
  • Thyroxin and triiodothyronine
  • Both contain iodine
  • Both secreted but most converted to
    triiodothyronine by target cells.
  • Secretions controlled by TSH of
    hypothalamus/pituitary.
  • Involved in overall metabolism rate.

21
Pancreas
  • Islets of Langerhans-cells that secrete two
    hormones.
  • Alpha cells-secrete glucagon
  • Beta cells secrete insulin.
  • Only brain cells can take up glucose without
    insulin.
  • Glucagon breaks down glycogen in the liver.

22
Diabetes-refers to excess urine.
  • Diabetes mellitus-insufficient insulin OR loss of
    response to insulin.
  • Kidneys secrete glucose, raises osmolarity which
    causes thirst.
  • Fat used as fuel-forms acids which change blood
    pH.
  • Type I-insulin dependent-autoimmune-childhood.
  • Type II-non-insulin dependent-deficiency of
    insulin or response to. Can be managed by diet.

23
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24
Adrenal gland
  • Made of medulla and cortex.
  • Medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine.
  • Secreted due to stress.

25
  • Epinephrine increases heart rate dilates
    bronchiole tubes constricts some blood vessels
    while dilating others. Why might this be
    important?
  • Norepinephrine maintains blood pressure and acts
    as a neurotransmitter.

26
  • Adrenal Cortex
  • Stimulated by ACTH from pituitary
  • Produce corticosteroids-two types-glucocorticoids
    and mineralocorticoids.
  • Glucocorticoids-involved in glucose metabolism
    from proteins
  • Mineralocorticoids-ex. Aldosterone-involved in
    reabsorption of sodium ions and water by kidney.
  • Released as response to stress.

27
  • Gonadal hormones
  • Androgens-ex. Testosterone (also produced by
    adrenal cortex)
  • Estrogens
  • Progesterone-important to maintaining pregnancy.

28
Negative feedback
Secretion of TSH causes increase in thyroxin
production Normal thyroxin tells pituitary to
shut down production of TSH.
29
Positive Feedback Mechanism
  • Fewer examples than negative feedback.
  • One response causes a continued and increased
    response
  • Ex. Childbirth-oxytocin-produced by pituitary
    gland-causes contractions of uterus. Causes more
    oxytocin to be released causing more
    contractions.
  • What happens when labor is induced?

30
Diabetes Insipidus
  • By Sean Prideaux

31
  • Types of Diabetes Insipidus
  • Central DI
  • Gestational DI
  • Nephrogenic DI
  • It is a diabetes in which water is reabsorbed by
    the kidneys, instead of going into the blood
  • It can be caused by kidney damage or pregnancy,
    but is most commonly caused by a deficiency of ADH

32
  • ADH (antidiuretic hormone) is a hormone created
    by the pituitary gland
  • It then goes to the kidney, where it regulates
    water absorption
  • A diuretic increases urination levels, so
    naturally an ADH decreases it
  • In DI, through various reasons, the kidneys dont
    have enough ADH or they cannot use it.
  • One common treatment is the use of the hormone
    vasopressin, another antidiuretic hormone

33
HYPERTENSION as Related to Endocrine System
  • Causes
  • Too much aldosterone
  • Pituitary gland
  • Growths
  • Metabolic syndrome
  • Other diseases
  • Endocrine system cause Hypertension?
  • Hormones
  • Symptoms
  • High blood pressure
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Shortness of breath
  • Dizziness

34
HYPERTENSION as Related to Endocrine System
  • Hypertension increases risk of
  • Heart attack
  • Stroke
  • Kidney disease
  • Death
  • Primary or Secondary?
  • Secondary Hypertension
  • Pituitary and Adrenal glands?
  • excess hormone production
  • dysfunction
  • Cure
  • Surgery to remove tumor
  • Surgery to remove growths
  • Diet changes and medicine to lower blood pressure

35
Acromegaly
  • Gland Pituitary Gland
  • Hormone Excess of hGH produced after puberty.
  • Causes Tumors on Pituitary Gland

36
Acromegaly
  • Symtoms Enlarged hands and feet, may change
    facial features (more pronounced jaw, brow, nose
    and lips).
  • Treatments Lower levels of hGH, Remove tumors,
    drug and radiation therapies.

37
Hyperparathyroidism

  • Involves the parathyroid glands
  • Causes a secretion of excess parathyroid
    hormone (PTH)
  • Symptoms (caused by high levels of calcium)
  • -Joint pain
  • -Weakened bones
  • -Nausea, vomiting, constipation
  • -Lack of an appetite
  • -Kidney stones
  • -Excessive thirst or urination
  • -Memory loss, anxiety, fatigue

By Josh Smith
38
  • Diagnosis occurs after finding high levels of
    calcium and low levels of phosphorus in the blood

Treatments -Surgery to remove the enlarged
gland(s) -Taking calcimimetics a drug that
stops the secretion of PTH -Drinking water and
exercise (for mild cases) -Eating calcium rich
foods and avoiding alcohol, soda, and coffee
(For improving the symptoms)
Informational Sites -http//endocrine.niddk.nih.g
ov/pubs/hyper/hyper.htmsymptoms -http//www.umm.e
du/altmed/articles/hyperparathyroidism-000086.htm
39
Hypoparathyroidism
  • Reduced parathyroid hormone production due to a
    damage to the parathyroid glands
  • Muscle spasms, cramping, dry skin and hair due to
    low calcium levels
  • Short term treatment - IV Calcium
  • Long term - Vitamin D3 and Calcium
    Supplements

40
Type I diabetes mellitus
  • It lacks of an endocrine gland
  • The pancreas produce insufficient insulin
  • Insulin is a hormone that is needed to convert
    sugar (glucose), starches and other food into
    energy needed for daily life.
  • Frequent urination
  • Unusual thirst
  • Extreme hunger
  • Unusual weight loss
  • Extreme fatigue and Irritability

41
Type I diabetes mellitus
  • Treatment involves injecting insulin under the
    skin for it to get absorbed into the blood stream
    where it can then access all the cells of the
    body that require it. Shots are the most widely
    used method.
  • http//www.youtube.com/watch?vQWJJ3M3xss4
  • Universal blue circle symbol for diabetes

42
Hypoglycemia
  • An abnormally low level of sugar in the blood.
  • Over secretion of insulin by the pancreas in
    response to a rapid rise in blood sugar or
    glucose.
  • The blood sugar plummets below the level
    necessary to maintain well-being.

43
Graves Disease
  • Joey Showtis
  • 1st Hour

44
Graves Disease
  • Graves' disease is the most common form of
    hyperthyroidism, occurring when the immune system
    mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland and causes
    it to overproduce the hormone thyroxine. This
    higher thyroxine level can greatly increase the
    body's metabolic rate. This can cause anything
    from a change in mood to a change in physical
    appearance.

45
Symptoms/Treatments
  • Anxiety, Irritability, Difficulty sleeping,
    Fatigue, A rapid or irregular heartbeat, A fine
    tremor of your hands or fingers, An increase in
    perspiration, Sensitivity to heat Weight loss,
    despite normal food intake, Brittle hair,
    Enlargement of your thyroid gland (goiter),
    Change in menstrual cycles, Frequent bowel
    movements
  • Antithyroid drugs, radioiodine therapy and
    surgery to remove the thyroid gland are effective
    treatments for Graves' disease. Subtotal
    thyroidectomy surgery, an operation that removes
    the majority of the gland so that the thyroid
    does not overproduce thyroid hormones is also a
    treatment option.

46
Myxedema
  • Young Min Cha

47
What causes Myxedema
  • Hypothyroidism this condition can be caused by a
    lack of thyroid hormone(EP, produce thyroxin).
  • Goiter not enough iodine
  • Hashimotos thyroiditis autoimmune disease
    attacks the thyroid gland.

48
Symptoms and Treatments
  • Skin gets thick and coarse(rough)
  • Change shape of face
  • Slow speech
  • Mental dullness
  • Treatments making sure a person has enough
    thyroxin( take a pill with thyroxin or iodine)

49
Goiter
Thyroid Gland
Endocrine gland involved
Goiter- enlargement of the thyroid gland
Primary function of thyroid gland
Concentrate iodine from the blood to form thyroid
hormones
Hypothalamus senses low level of thyroid hormone
The shortage of thyroid hormones
Caused by iodine deficiency (most common cause)
Send thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) to thyroid
Stimulates and enlarge the thyroid gland to
produce thyroid hormone
Goiter
50
Sandy Chen
http//www.thyroid.org/index.html
American thyroid association
51
Cushings Disease
  • Exogenous Cause (from outside the body)

-Taking high levels of steroid hormones called
glucocorticoids
--for organ transplant or inflammatory disease
Endogenous Cause (from within the body)
Body produces too much cortisol hormone
Pituitary Cushings- pituitary gland tumor
secretes excess cortisol
Adrenal Cushings- adrenal gland tumor secretes
excess cortisol
Ectopic Cushings- (tumor outside pituitary)
adrenal system secretes cortisol
52
Symptoms
  • -Upper body obesity
  • -rounded face
  • -fatigue
  • -high blood pressure
  • -depression
  • -fragile/bruised skin

Treatment
Exogenous Cushings - reduce medication that
produces symptons
Pituitary/Adrenal - remove tumor with surgery,
radiation, or drug therapy
Ectopic - cancer treatment, e.g, surgery,
radiation, chemotherapy
53
ADDISONS DISEASE
Chelsie Bivens
  • Due to adrenal insufficiency (Adrenal glands are
    located just above the kidneys.)
  • Addisons disease occurs from damaged adrenal
    glands which cannot produce enough of the hormone
    cortisol and the hormone aldosterone.

54
ADDISONS DISEASE CONTINUED
  • Symptoms include
  • Sudden penetrating pain in the lower back,
    abdomen, or legs
  • Severe vomiting and diarrhea
  • Dehydration
  • Low blood pressure
  • Loss of consciousness
  • Treatment includes
  • Cortisol is substituted with a synthetic
    glucocorticoid such as hydrocortisone or
    prednisone. If aldosterone is also lacking, it
    is replaced with doses of a mineralocorticoid.
    These are both steroids which would be in
    shortage due to adrenal insufficiency.

55
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
  • Symptoms
  • Depression -weight gain
  • Over sleeping
  • Fatigue
  • loss of concentration

Produces too much Melatonin. (a.k.a. Sleep
Hormone)
Melatonin causes other endocrine glands to
slow/stop production.
56
  • Treatment
  • Light Therapy
  • Antidepressants
  • Moving to sunnier climate
  • Quick Facts
  • Occurs during fall through winter months
  • Called Winter Blues
  • Reverse SAD
  • Information By Mayo Clinic Medline Plus

57
  • Symptoms fatigue, nervousness, headaches,
    depression, dizziness, sudden hunger, a craving
    for sweets, faintness
  • Treatment eating or drinking a small amount of
    glucose-rich food, eat small and frequent meals
    during the day
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