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FeLV si FIV

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Title: FeLV si FIV


1
FeLV si FIV
  • Leucemia Infectioasa si Imunodeficienta Felina
  • DR. Dragos Cobzariu DVM PhD
  • Infectious Diseases
  • dragoscobzariu_at_gmail.com
  • 20.04.2009

2
FeLV si FIV Introducere
  • Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline
    immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are among the most
    common infectious diseases of cats. Risk factors
    for infection include male gender, adulthood, and
    outdoor access, whereas indoor lifestyle and
    sterilization are associated with reduced
    infection rates.26
  • The retroviral status of all cats should be
    known. Cats may require retrovirus testing at
    different times in their lives. Here are some
    general principles for retrovirus testing
  • A cat with a confirmed-positive test result
    should be diagnosed as having a retroviral
    infection not clinical disease. Diseases in cats
    infected with FeLV or FIV may not necessarily be
    the result of the retrovirus infection.
  • Cats infected with FeLV or FIV may live for
    many years.
  • A decision for euthanasia should never be made
    solely on the basis of whether or not the cat is
    infected. No test is 100 accurate at all times
    under all conditions. All test results should be
    interpreted along with the patients health and
    prior likelihood of infection.
  • All positives should be confirmed by another
    test method.
  • While they can be life-threatening viruses,
    proper management can give infected cats longer,
    healthier lives.

3
FeLV(Eng.-Ro.)
  • Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a
    retrovirus, which may induce depression of the
    immune system, anaemia and/ or lymphoma (
    anemie,imunosupresie,limfom)
  • It affects cats worldwide. The prevalence of
    infection in Europe is low(5), although it may
    exceed 20 in some regions from East Europe (
    prevalenta 5-20 datorita lipsei de informare a
    proprietarului si a vaccinarii, comertului cu
    animale fara a cunoaste provenienta acestora, si
    lipsei metodelor de testare)
  • Over the past 25 years, the prevalence of FeLV
    infection has dropped in US (datorita actiunilor
    sustinute de informare-profilaxie si datorita
    testelor si vaccinurilor), thanks to reliable
    diagnostic tests and vaccines.

4
Infectia
  • Transmission of infection occurs through viral
    shedding (saliva, faeces,nasal secretions, milk)
    by FeLV infected cats.(transmiterea virusurilor
    se realizeaza prin secretii, excretii, lapte,
    bolurile de apa si mancare custile de transport,
    litierele venite in contact cu pisicile
    infectate.
  • Transmission between cats occurs mainly through
    friendly contacts(mutual grooming), but also
    through biting. (transmiterea se poate face doar
    prin contact dar si prin muscatura)
  • In large groups of cats ( distributia
    viremiei)
  • 30-40 will develop persistent viraemia,
  • 30-40 show transient viraemia and
  • 20-30 seroconvert a minority(IgM
    IgG)
  • (5) shows antigenaemia in the absence of
    viraemia
  • In viraemic queens, pregnancy usually results
    in embryonic death, stillbirth or viraemic,
    fading kittens(mortalitate embrionara, pisoi
    neviabili)
  • Young kittens are especially susceptible to
    FeLV infection.
  • With age, cats become increasingly resistant(
    receptivitatea maxima o au pisoii mici in primele
    saptamani de viata)

5
Particularitati structurale virusul FeLV
  • Cats with transient viremia
  • may develop persistent bone
  • marrow infection-Fast tests used
  • spleen, lymph node or small intestine
  • Peyers patches and timus develop
  • persistent infection
  • neutralizing antibodies clear blod viremia
  • Once marrow infected,
  • remain latent infection for years ( 3-4 years)
  • Latent infection can be present even though
    serological tests are negative
  • blood and bone marrow are negative for virus by
    Imunofluorescence, ELISA or viral culture, but
    viral genom can be found.
  • FeLV defective viruses that transduce cellular
    oncogenes PCR used to find them



GAG
POL
LTR
LTR
oncogene
6
Clinic suspicionam FeLV?
  • Most common(frecvent) signs of persistent FeLV
    viraemia are
  • Anemia(mainly non-regenerative)
    Anemie
  • Imunosupresion (predisposition to other
    infections) Imunosupresie
  • Limfoma(thymic, alimentary, multicentric or
    atypical)Limfom
  • Most persistently viraemic cats die
    within two to three years
  • Less common(atipic)
  • Immune-mediated disease (haemolytic anaemia,
  • glomerulonephritis, polyarthritis)
    Boli autoimune
  • Chronic enteritis (crypt necrosis)
    Enterite cronice
  • Reproductive disorders (foetal resorption,
    abortion,
  • neonatal death and fading kittens)
    Probleme Reproductive
  • Peripheral neuropathies (anisocoria, mydriasis,
    Horners syndrome, abnormal vocalisation,
    hyperesthesia, paresis, paralysis)


  • Neuropatii SN
    periferic

7
Patogeneza si Diagnostic
Infection by oral route
Infection by bite
Fast Tests ELISA
FAT
PCR on Bone Marrow
8
 DIAGNOSTICUL FeLV
  • 1.Soluble-antigen tests are preferred for initial
    screening.
  • These include
  • Immunochromatographic FAST tests
  • Agrolabo FeLV IC
  • Agrolabo FeLV/FIV IC
  • ELISA
  • Agrolabo FeLV ELISA Ab Anti GP70
  • Agrolabo FeLV ELISA antigenic
  • While screening tests detect the presence of free
    antigen in the
  • circulating blood, the IFA tests for the
    presence of antigen within infected
  • white blood cells and platelets.

9
 DIAGNOSTICUL FeLV
  • 2.Positive results from tests that detect free
    antigen may be reflective of the transient period
    of antigenemia associated with regressive
    infections.
  • Positive results from tests that detect
    cell-associated antigen such as the IFA test are
    likely to be reflective of progressive
    infections.
  • 3.Tests that use saliva and tears yield an
    unacceptable high percentage
  • of inaccurate results and their use is not
    recommended.19
  • 4.Although there are no published assessments of
    diagnostic accuracy
  • of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for
    FeLV, the test is
  • offered by a number of commercial laboratories.
    Recent studies
  • using real-time PCR have shown that 5-10 of
    cats negative on
  • soluble antigen tests were positive for FeLV
    provirus by PCR
  • (regressive infection).11, 20

10
Managmentul FeLV
  • Supportive therapy (including fluid therapy if
    required) and good nursing care
  • Secondary infections should be treated promptly
  • Feline interferon omega may reduce clinical
    signs and extend the survival time
  • AZT (azidothymidine) may be used, but side
    effects may occur
  • Blood transfusions may prolong survival
  • Asymptomatic FeLV cats may live many years
    and end up dying of an unrelated cause
  • FeLV cats need special care to avoid
    infections
  • FeLV infected cats should remain indoors and
    receive a regular clinical
  • check-up (every 6 months)
  • Corticosteroids, other immune-suppressive or
    bone marrow-suppressive
  • drugs should be avoided
  • The virus does not survive for long outside the
    host and is readily destroyed
  • by disinfectants, soap, heating and drying
  • However, the virus may survive in faeces it
    remains viable if kept moist
  • at room temperature

11
Imunoprofilaxia
  • All cats of uncertain FeLV status should be
    tested
  • prior to vaccination
  • All healthy cats with a potential risk of
    exposure
  • (outdoor access, FeLV endemic area) should be
    vaccinated against FeLV
  • Kittens should be vaccinated at 8 to 9 weeks of
    age, with a second vaccination at 12 weeks,
    followed by a booster one year later
  • In view of the significantly lower
    susceptibility of older
  • cats, FeLV boosters can be given every 2 to 3
    years after the age of 3
  • Vaccination against common pathogens should be
  • maintained. Inactivated vaccines are recommended

12
Concluzii 1.All cats of uncertain FeLV status
should be tested prior to vaccination! La
achizitionarea unei pisici solicitati testarea
ei cu Teste rapide-Imunofluorescenta-PCR
pentru ai stabili statusul - Libera de FeLV
-Viremica -Provirus integrat 2. Most
persistently viraemic cats die within 3 to 4
years!
13
3.Anaemia in a cat with persistent FeLV infection
4.Alimentary lymphoma associated with
FeLV-clinical enteric sindrom
14
5.Thymic lymphoma filling thethorax
of an FeLV infected cat
  • 6.Primary visible signs of an FeLV
  • infected cat
  • chronic stomatitis
  • gingivitis
  • non-healing skin lesions
  • respiratory infections Haemobartonella felis
  • skin Ringworms-Microsporum, Tricophiton

15
Prezentare de caz Stinky
  • Stinky's chronic problemsStinky, a 4 year
    old neutered male, was presented to the clinic
  • in August 1992. He had been depressed and
    anorexic and for the
  • previous two days he had diarrhea with lots of
    mucous. Owner had
  • noticed a wound on the right side of his
    abdomen.We examine Stinky and find
     Depressed, T 39.5o, Pulse 144, yellow mucous
    membranes. Wound on right lateral abdomen with
    palpable firm tract going ventrally. Oral cavity-
    large red plaque with small white plaques under
    tongue - some ocular discharge - 8 dehydrated.
    When placing IV catheter cat went into cardiac
    arrest - revived with external cardiac massage.
    Positive pressure ventilation, IV epinephrine,
    bicarbonate, dexamethasone - later given mannitol
    IV. CBC Neutropenia with left shift and 2 toxic
    change. PCV 0.24 - non regenerative SADB (small
    animal data-base) bilirubin 40. 2 icteric serum
    UA (urinalysis) strong positive for bilirubin 2
    blood 1 bilirubin crystllauria SG
    1.068.Stinky's rescords showStinky had a long
    history of chronic infections and problems that
    are summarized belowNormal until 1990,
    exceptChronic non-parasitic otitis externa
    overweight - 8kg, Began losing weight in
    mid-1990.
  • Developed suspicious number of abscesses
    and infected scratches after skirmishes with
    other catsworkup shows whitish grey plaques
    bilaterally in ear-canal - biopsies
    non-diagnostic no radiographic evidence of otitis
    media... otitis resolved after antibiotic
    treatment

16
  • Stinky's rescords show
  • Spring 1991 Hair coat shows marked thinning,
  • presumably pruritic as cat is  constantly
    grooming.
  • Skin and hair samples show evidence of
  • dermatophytosisCulture on dermatophyte medium
    Dermakit-
  • heavy growth of Trichophyton equinum and another
  • obscure dermatophyte that is not normally
    pathogenictreated with oral ketoconazole
    resolved in 2 weeks, hair coat improved.Fall
    1991 Upper respiratory tract problems but no
    etiological agent could be  identifiedSpring
    1991 Alopecia and pruritus returned. URT
    problems still there. alopecia treated with oral
    vitamin EYou decide to see if Stinky's chronic
    problems are related to FeLV infection.  
     What should you do?    What samples do you
    need to take?    What does the tests
    determine?    What do the results
    mean?Stinky's test show that he is FeLV
    ELISA-FastKit positive, FeLV PCR positiveWhat
    is you opinion?!

17
Prezentare caz Emily-4luni
  • Emily was a 4 month old female Siamese. She
    was apparently healthy until the previous day
    when she was caught under the leg of a recliner
    chair. She has had  difficulty breathing since
    then. A physical examination showed that Emily
    had trouble breathing - Inspirational effort,
    marked pleural effusion present. Her chest showed
    more than normal resistance to compression.Radiol
    ogical findings
  • There is a medium to large volume of pleural
    fluid with associated lung collapse. The
    mediastinum is abnormally dense. The heart is
    difficult to assess.Progress exam. No.1 - There
    is an increased volume of pleural fluid with
    further lung collapseProgress exam No 2 - Again
    there is an increase in pleural fluid indicating
    active fluid formation or hemorrhage, as the case
    may be.Reassessment of the abdomen indicates an
    almost certain cranial mediastinal mass as seen
    in the dorsoventral view.Radiologist's note
  • This latter diagnosis, although unsuspected in
    the context of the proposed trauma, was confirmed
    on the basis of the palpable mass in the
    mediastinum. the reason for the rapid fluid
    formation is uncertain. Possibly, trauma might
    cause hemorrhage in a mass or a mass may erode
    regional vasculature to produce such blood tinged
    fluid as it is removed from this cat's thorax on
    repeated occasions.

18
  • Necropsy report
  • Gross necropsy Ventral mediastinal area
    contains a nodular, grey-white mass--
    approximately 3 X 3 X 6 cm in size. Both right
    and left lung lobes appear atelectatic and there
    is a 2 cm tear in the posterior mediastinum. A
    single sub lumbar lymph node is visibly
    enlarged.Histopathology
  • Sections of mediastinal mass contain a uniform
    population of lymphoblast like cells. These cells
    have roughly circular nuclei, some have prominent
    nucleoli and most have minimal cytoplasm that has
    ill defined margins. There are scattered foci of
    necrotic cells and hemorrhage. Similar cells have
    replaced the sub lumbar lymph node that was
    sectioned and are also present in sinusoids and
    portal areas of the liver.
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • A section of the liver shows cells that stain
    with anti GAG antibody as well as antibody
    against CD3.    How would you interpret the
    results of the immunohistochemistry?    Was the
    tumor induced by a feline retrovirus?    How
    did a young 4 month old kitten develop rapidly
    growing  retrovirus induced tumor?

19
Feline immunodeficiency virus- FIV
  • First isolated in 1986, (FIV) is a
    retrovirus-lentivirus closely related to HIV.
    Most felids are susceptible to FIV, but humans
    are not.
  • FIV is endemic in domestic cat populations
    worldwide
  • (4 subtypes A and B are most common in Europe)
  • Seroprevalence of FIV varies greatly between
    regions
  • Sick adult cats, male cats and free-roaming
    cats are most likelyto be infected
  • FIV loses infectivity quickly outside the host
    and is susceptible to all disinfectants including
    common soap

20
Infectia cu FIV
  • Most FIV infections are acquired by bites
    (fights, mating) from persistently infected cats.
    The risk of transmission is low in households
    with socially
  • well-adapted cats
  • Transmission from mother to kittens may occur,
    especially if the queen is undergoing an acute
    infection
  • FIV infected cats are persistently infected in
    spite of their ability to mount antibody and
    cell-mediated immune responses

21
Patogeneza infectiei cu FIV
Inapparent in most cats
22
Clinic suspicionam FIV?
  • Infection has a long latent or asymptomatic
    phase. Infected cats generally remain free of
    clinical signs for several years, and some cats
    never develop disease.
  • Clinical signs are not caused by FIV, but are
    the consequence of immunodeficiency(CD4/CD8
    decreased ratio)
  • Typical manifestations are
  • Acute phase
  • May last a few days to few weeks
  • Fever and malaise may go unnoticed
  • Acute enteritis (diarrhea), stomatitis,
    dermatitis, conjunctivitis, respiratory tract
    disease
  • Generalized lymph node enlargement common

23
Clinic suspicionam FIV?
  • Asymptomatic phase
  • Follows acute phase Appear clinically
    healthyMay last for years Use to say would
    become ill within 5 years Now know that many
    FIV cats can live normal lives for much
    longer
  • FIV is not a death sentence.

24
Clinic suspicionam FIV?
  • Terminal phase
  • - No good predictor of when this phase will occur
  • - Characterized by opportunistic infections,
    neoplasia or other syndromes such as wasting
  • bacterial, fungal, and protozoal (Toxoplasmosis,
    Ringworms) infections common
  • treatment is directed at the secondary condition
  • - Chronic gingivostomatitis
  • - Lymphadenopathy
  • - Renal failure associated with immune-mediated
    glomerulonephritis
  • - Chronic rhinitis and - weight loss

25
Examenele de laborator paraclinice-suspiciune?
  • None are specific for FIV but
  • Acute phase
  • Neutropenia, lymphopenia
  • Resolves as progresses to asymptomatic phase
  • CBC and chem panel normal during asymptomatic
    phase
  • Clinically ill cats may have
  • anemia, neutropenia, lymphopenia (seen in 1/3
    1/2 of cats), thrombocytopenia
  • Cytopenias may reflect secondary disease or may
    be suppression of bone marrow precursors by the
    FIV infection

26
DIAGNOSTICUL FIV DIAGNOSTICUL FIV
  • FIV produces a persistent, life-long infection,
    so detection of
  • antibodies in peripheral blood has been judged
    sufficient for
  • routine diagnostic screening if the cat has not
    been previously
  • vaccinated against FIV and has not acquired FIV
    antibodies in
  • colostrum.21, 22
  • ELISA and other immunochromatographic tests are
    the preferred screening tests
  • Agrolabo FIV ELISA antibody
  • Agrolabo FIV IC
  • Agrolabo FeLV/FIV IC
  • Confirmation of positive screening tests should
    include a different method or at least an
    antibody test from a different manufacturer.23,
    24 Western Blot tests have been the recommended
    confirmation test in the past, but were found to
    be less sensitive and specific than in-clinic
    screening tests in one study.22

27
DIAGNOSTICUL FIV DIAGNOSTICUL FIV
  • Vaccination of cats against FIV induces
    anti-FIV antibodies . These antibodies persist
    for at least one year and can be transferred in
    colostrum to kittens.
  • Discriminant ELISA was reported by Dr. Levy
    and co-workers from the University of Florida,
    can differentiate between antibodies produced
    after FIV vaccination and antibodies produced
    after FIV infection.
  • While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays
    may help distinguish cats infected with FIV from
    cats vaccinated against FIV, one study found
    marked variability in diagnostic accuracy among
    commercial laboratories.
  • Positive in-practice ELISA test results
    obtained in a low-prevalence
  • or low-risk population should always be
    confirmed by a laboratory
  • Western blot or IFA are the gold standard
    laboratory test for FIV serology
  • PCR-based assays (for proviral DNA) are
    variable in performance and may even be inferior
    to serological tests

28
Diagnostic-rezultate fals pozitive!
  • Want to confirm diagnosis with IFA Biopronix or
    Western Immunoblot antibody testing in
    asymptomatic cats
  • IFA same accuracy of ELISA but may decrease
    technical error by sending to lab
  • Western blot considered gold standard for
    confirming a positive
  • Kittens from FIV infected queens may test
    seropositive due to persisting maternal
    antibodies, and should be retested at 16 weeks of
    age. Exceptionally, kittens may remain
    seropositive until 6 months of age

29
Diagnostic-rezultate fals negative!
  • False negatives occur due to
  • Anergic stage of disease (terminal phase)
  • Early infection and lack of seroconversion
  • Lack of seroconversion due to immunosuppression
    or seroconversion occurs later in disease (up to
    6 months reported)
  • Most cats seroconvert within 2-4 weeks
    post-exposure but may take up to 8 weeks

30
Managmentul Bolii
  • Cats should never be euthanised only on the
    basis of an FIV positive test result, cats may
    live as long as uninfected cats.
  • Neutering is recommended to reduce aggression
    and decrease biting incidents
  • FIV infected cats should receive regular (6
    monthly) veterinary health checks including
    routine biochemistry, haematology and weight
    monitoring
  • Prompt and accurate diagnosis of any secondary
    illness is essential
  • FIV infected cats can be housed in the same
    ward as other patients, but should be kept in
    individual cages separate from cats with
    contagious conditions
  • In rescue shelters, cats should be housed
    individually to avoid crossinfection
  • (at the very least, FIV positive cats should be
    segregated)

31
Managmentul Bolii
  • Feline interferon omega may reduce clinical
    signs and extend the survival time
  • AZT (azidothymidine) may be used, but side
    effects may occur
  • Surgery is well-tolerated by asymptomatic FIV
    infected cats, but perioperative antibiotic
    treatment should be used in all cases
  • Care must be taken to avoid iatrogenic virus
    transmission(e.g. by thorough decontamination of
    surgical instruments that have been used on
    seropositive cats)
  • Avoid use of Griseofulvin for dermatophyte
    infections (increased susceptibility to
    neutropenia)

32
Vaccinarea
  • In Europe at present there is no FIV vaccine
    commercially available
  • Vaccination against routine pathogens can be
  • considered for healthy seropositive cats but is
    not recommended for sick, FIV infected cats
  • Fel-O-Vax FIV (Fort Dodge)
  • new vaccine available on the market
  • minimal side effects
  • Efficacy quoted to be 82 but heavily disputed
  • Protects against Subtype A and D of FIV
  • Subtype B FIV probably more common
  • Vaccine titer and infectious titer not
    distinguishable on ELISA or Western blot testing
    and will make diagnosis of the disease very
    difficult !!

33
Concluzii1.FIV positive cats (like this
one) may live as long as uninfected cats
2.Chronic infections may arise due to FIV
Infection
3. Cats should never be euthanised on the basis
of an FIV positive test alone
34
4.Chronic infections may arise due to FIV
Infection gingivitis, stomatitis, otic
infections
5.Weight loss and haemorrhagic enteritis in an
FIV positive cat
35
FeLV Algoritmul de Diagnostic
  • All positive results should be confirmed,
    especially asymptomatic and low-risk cats.
    Re-test immediately with IFA/ELISA
  • Negative screening test results are highly
    reliable. However, if results are negative but
    recent infection cannot be ruled out, testing
    should be repeated a minimum of 30 days after the
    last potential exposure (Supraveghere
    epidemiologica 3 testari la un interval de 30
    de zile efectuate pe un numar cat mai mare de
    animlae preferabil toate animalele din efectiv)
  • Discordant results may be due to the stage of
    infection, the variability of host responses or
    technical problems with testing. It is not
    usually possible to determine the true FeLV
    infection status of cats with persistently
    discordant test results.
  • If resolving is desired, re-test in 60 days using
    antigen and IFA. May also consider utilizing
    alternative test methods such as culture or PCR
    where available. Consider FeLV-infected and start
    appropriate management program.
  • Antigen Test
  • Negative results for either FeLV or FIV are much
    more reliable because of the low prevalence of
    infection in most cat populations.
  • No test is 100 accurate all the time, under all
    conditions. In cat populations with a low
    prevalence, for example less than 0.5, more than
    half of the cats that test positive are likely to
    be uninfected.26

36
FIV Algoritmul de Diagnostic
  • Cats vaccinated with a whole-virus vaccine will
    test antibody-positive. Re-test with another
    antibody test.
  • Negative screening test results are highly
    reliable. However, if results are negative but
    recent infection cannot be ruled out, testing
    should be repeated a minimum of 60 days after the
    last potential exposure.
  • Antibody Test
  • If positive after kitten reaches 6 months old,
    consider FIV-infected and continue appropriate
    management program.
  • May also consider utilizing alternative test
    methods such as culture or PCR where available.
  • If negative at any interval, consider free of
    infection and begin wellness program.
  • Kittens may be tested for FeLV and FIV at any
    age. Most kittens test negative, indicating no
    infection. Antibody tests for FIV can detect
    antibodies passed in colostrum from an infected
    or vaccinated mother, which can be mistaken for
    infection in the kitten.
  • Kittens that test positivefor FIV antibodies
    should be retested every 60 days up to 6 months
    of age and if the kitten becomes seronegative, it
    most likely is not infected. If results of tests
    performed after six months of age are still
    confirmed positive, these kittens should be
    considered infected.
  • FeLV vaccinations will NOT induce positive test
    results.
  • FIV vaccinations WILL induce positive test
    results.

37
Managmentul Cazurilor Pozitive Sanatoase Clinic
  • Examinations should be performed at least twice a
    year and at each visit
  • Update medical history. Monitor for any signs of
    weight loss.
  • Perform a thorough physical exam pay close
    attention to lymph nodes, eyes and oral cavity.
  • Perform a complete blood count, biochemical
    analysis, urinalysis, and fecal examination at
    least once a year. FeLV cats may need a complete
    blood count twice a year.
  • Spay or neuter intact cats. Control internal and
    external parasites.
  • Vaccinate as lifestyle indicates. Most
    retrovirus-infected cats mount adequate immune
    responses when vaccinated, and there is no need
    to modify standard vaccination intervals.28
  • There is controversy about the use of inactivated
    versus modified-live vaccines. Current
    recommendations are to use inactivated vaccine
    products due to the theoretical risk of a
    modified-live product regaining its pathogenicity
    in cats with compromised immune systems.
  • Infected queens should not be bred and should be
    spayed if their condition is sufficiently stable
    to permit them to undergo surgery.

38
Managmentul Cazurilor Pozitive Clinic manifeste
  • Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential to
    allow early therapeutic intervention and a
    successful treatment outcome. Therefore,
    intensive diagnostic testing should proceed early
    in the course of illness for infected cats.
  • Many cats infected with FeLV or FIV respond as
    well as their uninfected counterparts to
    appropriate medications and treatment
    strategies,although a longer or more aggressive
    course of treatment may be needed.
  • Few attempts have been made to evaluate
    anti-viral drugs, immunomodulators, or
    alternative therapies in large controlled studies
    of naturally infected cats. To date, no treatment
    has been shown to reverse well-established
    retrovirus infection in cats.
  • Clients with a healthy or ill retrovirus positive
    cat may be frightened by the initial diagnosis.
  • It is important to alleviate these fears when
    appropriate and offer encouraging advice on the
    proper care and management of the cat.

39
 LIMITAREA TRANSMITERII FeLV-FIV
  • In the veterinary Practice
  • Retroviruses are unstable outside their host
    animals and can be quickly inactivated by
    detergents and routine disinfectants.1317
  • Simple precautions and routine cleaning
    procedures will prevent transmission of these
    agents in veterinary hospitals.
  • As a guide
  • All infected patients should be housed in
    individual cages and not in isolation/contagious
    wards where they may be exposed to infectious
    agents.
  • Staff should wash their hands between patients
    and after cleaning cages.
  • Because FeLV and FIV can be transmitted in
    blood transfusions, donors should be tested prior
    to donating. A real-time PCR test for FeLV is
    also recommended for blood donors as proviral
    elements in seronegative cats with regressive
    FeLV infection may cause infection in transfusion
    recipients.
  • Dental and surgical instruments, endotracheal
    tubes and other items potentially contaminated
    with body fluids should be thoroughly cleaned and
    sterilized between uses.
  • Fluid lines, multi-dose medication containers
    and food can become contaminated with body fluids
    (especially blood or saliva) and should not be
    shared among patients.

40
 LIMITAREA TRANSMITERII FeLV-FIV
  • Limiting transmission At home
  • Confine Infected cats should be confined
    indoors so they do not pose a risk of infection
    to other cats and so they are protected against
    infectious hazards in the environment.
  • Isolate The best method of preventing spread
    to other cats in the household is to isolate the
    infected cat from interacting with its
    housemates. Isolation to a separate room is
    recommended, but a simple screen or chain-link
    barrier is adequate. Generally, FIV transmission
    is low in households with stable social
    structures where housemates do not fight, but
    FeLV can still be transmitted via friendly
    interactions.
  • Dont Introduce If separation is not possible,
    no new cats should be introduced in the household
    to reduce the risk of territorial aggression.
  • If owners choose not to separate
    retrovirus-infected housemates from their other
    cats, the uninfected cats should be consideredfor
    vaccination. Vaccinated cats should be isolated
    from infected cats for at least two months after
    the vaccine series is completed.

41
 LIMITAREA TRANSMITERII FeLV-FIV
  • Prevention of FeLV and FIV transmission in
    Shelters and Catteries
  • Control recommendations
  • As for pet cats, it is ideal for all cats in
    shelters and catteries to be tested for FeLV and
    FIV.
  • Testing at admission is optional for
    singly-housed cats in shelters, but all cats in
    breeding catteries should be tested. Testing is
    highly recommended for group-housed cats. If not
    performed prior to adoption, testing should be
    recommended to the new owner before exposure to
    other cats.
  • Testing should be repeated 60 days after the
    initial test and annually for cats kept in
    long-term group housing.
  • Each cat should be individually tested. Testing
    representative kittens in a litter or colony and
    extrapolating results to other cats in the group
    is unreliable. Procedures such as pooling
    multiple samples for use in a single test reduce
    test sensitivity and should not be performed.
  • Both foster families and adopters should have
    their own resident cats tested prior to fostering
    or adopting a new cat.
  • FeLV vaccination is optional for singly housed
    cats. Cats should test negative prior to
    vaccination. FeLV vaccination is highly
    recommended for all cats housed in groups and for
    both foster cats and permanent residents in
    foster homes.
  • In catteries that follow testing guidelines and
    maintain retrovirus-negative status, vaccination
    against FeLV and FIV is not necessary.
  • Vaccination is not 100 effective and should
    never be used in place of a test and segregate
    program.
  • In contrast to the case for feline panleukopenia,
    herpesvirus and calicivirus vaccines, the value
    of a single FeLV vaccine for feral cats has not
    been determined. Therefore, FeLV vaccination is
    not recommended for feral cat trap-neuter-return
    programs if program resources are needed for
    higher priorities.
  • FIV vaccination is not recommended for use in
    shelters or feral cats.
  • Strict adherence to universal precautions is
    required to prevent iatrogenic transmission of
    retroviruses in the shelter environment via
    contaminated equipment and secretions.

42
Epilog!
  • You dont have to consider it a death sentence.
    First of all, youd do well to have the animal
    retested after about three months, since the
    original test may have yielded a false positive.
  • Secondly, some FeLV-infected cats develop an
    effective immune response, which controls the
    viral infection and results in a transient
    viremia instead of a persistent viremia.
  • In these cats, subsequent FeLV tests will show
    that the cat no longer has virus in its blood.
  • Finally, while there is no complete cure for
    FeLV or FIV infection, newer treatments and
    supportive care can often result in several years
    of relatively good health.

43
Bibliografie
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Fg, schuitemaker h, moorer Wr (2002) The
virucidal spectrum of a high concentration
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44
Din Prezentarile Viitoare!
  • Dermatomicozele pisicilor.
  • Coronaviroza felina-Peritonita inf. Felina.
  • Grupele de sange-transfuzii-determinismul genetic
    al grupelor sanguine ale pisicilor.
  • Herpesvirusurile si calicivirusurile pisicilor.
  • Panleucopenia pisicii.
  • Filarioza felina.
  • Bartonele si Hemobartonele feline.
  • Alergii si Tratamente alergice

45
Va Multumesc !
  • DR. Dragos Cobzariu DVM PhD
  • Infectious Diseases Dept.
  • Veterinary Faculty Bucarest
  • SC Care For Your Family SRL
  • distributor of
  • Agrolabo-Biopronix-Italy
  • dragoscobzariu_at_gmail.com
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