Title: FeLV si FIV
1FeLV si FIV
- Leucemia Infectioasa si Imunodeficienta Felina
- DR. Dragos Cobzariu DVM PhD
- Infectious Diseases
- dragoscobzariu_at_gmail.com
- 20.04.2009
2FeLV si FIV Introducere
-
- Feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and feline
immunodeficiency virus (FIV) are among the most
common infectious diseases of cats. Risk factors
for infection include male gender, adulthood, and
outdoor access, whereas indoor lifestyle and
sterilization are associated with reduced
infection rates.26 - The retroviral status of all cats should be
known. Cats may require retrovirus testing at
different times in their lives. Here are some
general principles for retrovirus testing - A cat with a confirmed-positive test result
should be diagnosed as having a retroviral
infection not clinical disease. Diseases in cats
infected with FeLV or FIV may not necessarily be
the result of the retrovirus infection. - Cats infected with FeLV or FIV may live for
many years. - A decision for euthanasia should never be made
solely on the basis of whether or not the cat is
infected. No test is 100 accurate at all times
under all conditions. All test results should be
interpreted along with the patients health and
prior likelihood of infection. - All positives should be confirmed by another
test method. - While they can be life-threatening viruses,
proper management can give infected cats longer,
healthier lives.
3FeLV(Eng.-Ro.)
- Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV) is a
retrovirus, which may induce depression of the
immune system, anaemia and/ or lymphoma (
anemie,imunosupresie,limfom) - It affects cats worldwide. The prevalence of
infection in Europe is low(5), although it may
exceed 20 in some regions from East Europe (
prevalenta 5-20 datorita lipsei de informare a
proprietarului si a vaccinarii, comertului cu
animale fara a cunoaste provenienta acestora, si
lipsei metodelor de testare) - Over the past 25 years, the prevalence of FeLV
infection has dropped in US (datorita actiunilor
sustinute de informare-profilaxie si datorita
testelor si vaccinurilor), thanks to reliable
diagnostic tests and vaccines.
4 Infectia
- Transmission of infection occurs through viral
shedding (saliva, faeces,nasal secretions, milk)
by FeLV infected cats.(transmiterea virusurilor
se realizeaza prin secretii, excretii, lapte,
bolurile de apa si mancare custile de transport,
litierele venite in contact cu pisicile
infectate. - Transmission between cats occurs mainly through
friendly contacts(mutual grooming), but also
through biting. (transmiterea se poate face doar
prin contact dar si prin muscatura) - In large groups of cats ( distributia
viremiei) - 30-40 will develop persistent viraemia,
- 30-40 show transient viraemia and
- 20-30 seroconvert a minority(IgM
IgG) - (5) shows antigenaemia in the absence of
viraemia - In viraemic queens, pregnancy usually results
in embryonic death, stillbirth or viraemic,
fading kittens(mortalitate embrionara, pisoi
neviabili) - Young kittens are especially susceptible to
FeLV infection. - With age, cats become increasingly resistant(
receptivitatea maxima o au pisoii mici in primele
saptamani de viata)
5Particularitati structurale virusul FeLV
- Cats with transient viremia
- may develop persistent bone
- marrow infection-Fast tests used
- spleen, lymph node or small intestine
- Peyers patches and timus develop
- persistent infection
- neutralizing antibodies clear blod viremia
- Once marrow infected,
- remain latent infection for years ( 3-4 years)
- Latent infection can be present even though
serological tests are negative - blood and bone marrow are negative for virus by
Imunofluorescence, ELISA or viral culture, but
viral genom can be found. - FeLV defective viruses that transduce cellular
oncogenes PCR used to find them -
GAG
POL
LTR
LTR
oncogene
6 Clinic suspicionam FeLV?
- Most common(frecvent) signs of persistent FeLV
viraemia are - Anemia(mainly non-regenerative)
Anemie - Imunosupresion (predisposition to other
infections) Imunosupresie - Limfoma(thymic, alimentary, multicentric or
atypical)Limfom - Most persistently viraemic cats die
within two to three years - Less common(atipic)
- Immune-mediated disease (haemolytic anaemia,
- glomerulonephritis, polyarthritis)
Boli autoimune - Chronic enteritis (crypt necrosis)
Enterite cronice - Reproductive disorders (foetal resorption,
abortion, - neonatal death and fading kittens)
Probleme Reproductive - Peripheral neuropathies (anisocoria, mydriasis,
Horners syndrome, abnormal vocalisation,
hyperesthesia, paresis, paralysis) -
Neuropatii SN
periferic
7Patogeneza si Diagnostic
Infection by oral route
Infection by bite
Fast Tests ELISA
FAT
PCR on Bone Marrow
8 DIAGNOSTICUL FeLV
- 1.Soluble-antigen tests are preferred for initial
screening. - These include
- Immunochromatographic FAST tests
- Agrolabo FeLV IC
- Agrolabo FeLV/FIV IC
- ELISA
- Agrolabo FeLV ELISA Ab Anti GP70
- Agrolabo FeLV ELISA antigenic
- While screening tests detect the presence of free
antigen in the - circulating blood, the IFA tests for the
presence of antigen within infected - white blood cells and platelets.
9 DIAGNOSTICUL FeLV
- 2.Positive results from tests that detect free
antigen may be reflective of the transient period
of antigenemia associated with regressive
infections. - Positive results from tests that detect
cell-associated antigen such as the IFA test are
likely to be reflective of progressive
infections. - 3.Tests that use saliva and tears yield an
unacceptable high percentage - of inaccurate results and their use is not
recommended.19 - 4.Although there are no published assessments of
diagnostic accuracy - of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing for
FeLV, the test is - offered by a number of commercial laboratories.
Recent studies - using real-time PCR have shown that 5-10 of
cats negative on - soluble antigen tests were positive for FeLV
provirus by PCR - (regressive infection).11, 20
10Managmentul FeLV
- Supportive therapy (including fluid therapy if
required) and good nursing care - Secondary infections should be treated promptly
- Feline interferon omega may reduce clinical
signs and extend the survival time - AZT (azidothymidine) may be used, but side
effects may occur - Blood transfusions may prolong survival
- Asymptomatic FeLV cats may live many years
and end up dying of an unrelated cause - FeLV cats need special care to avoid
infections - FeLV infected cats should remain indoors and
receive a regular clinical - check-up (every 6 months)
- Corticosteroids, other immune-suppressive or
bone marrow-suppressive - drugs should be avoided
- The virus does not survive for long outside the
host and is readily destroyed - by disinfectants, soap, heating and drying
- However, the virus may survive in faeces it
remains viable if kept moist - at room temperature
11Imunoprofilaxia
- All cats of uncertain FeLV status should be
tested - prior to vaccination
- All healthy cats with a potential risk of
exposure - (outdoor access, FeLV endemic area) should be
vaccinated against FeLV - Kittens should be vaccinated at 8 to 9 weeks of
age, with a second vaccination at 12 weeks,
followed by a booster one year later - In view of the significantly lower
susceptibility of older - cats, FeLV boosters can be given every 2 to 3
years after the age of 3 - Vaccination against common pathogens should be
- maintained. Inactivated vaccines are recommended
12 Concluzii 1.All cats of uncertain FeLV status
should be tested prior to vaccination! La
achizitionarea unei pisici solicitati testarea
ei cu Teste rapide-Imunofluorescenta-PCR
pentru ai stabili statusul - Libera de FeLV
-Viremica -Provirus integrat 2. Most
persistently viraemic cats die within 3 to 4
years!
133.Anaemia in a cat with persistent FeLV infection
4.Alimentary lymphoma associated with
FeLV-clinical enteric sindrom
145.Thymic lymphoma filling thethorax
of an FeLV infected cat
- 6.Primary visible signs of an FeLV
- infected cat
- chronic stomatitis
- gingivitis
- non-healing skin lesions
- respiratory infections Haemobartonella felis
- skin Ringworms-Microsporum, Tricophiton
15Prezentare de caz Stinky
- Stinky's chronic problemsStinky, a 4 year
old neutered male, was presented to the clinic - in August 1992. He had been depressed and
anorexic and for the - previous two days he had diarrhea with lots of
mucous. Owner had - noticed a wound on the right side of his
abdomen.We examine Stinky and find
Depressed, T 39.5o, Pulse 144, yellow mucous
membranes. Wound on right lateral abdomen with
palpable firm tract going ventrally. Oral cavity-
large red plaque with small white plaques under
tongue - some ocular discharge - 8 dehydrated.
When placing IV catheter cat went into cardiac
arrest - revived with external cardiac massage.
Positive pressure ventilation, IV epinephrine,
bicarbonate, dexamethasone - later given mannitol
IV. CBC Neutropenia with left shift and 2 toxic
change. PCV 0.24 - non regenerative SADB (small
animal data-base) bilirubin 40. 2 icteric serum
UA (urinalysis) strong positive for bilirubin 2
blood 1 bilirubin crystllauria SG
1.068.Stinky's rescords showStinky had a long
history of chronic infections and problems that
are summarized belowNormal until 1990,
exceptChronic non-parasitic otitis externa
overweight - 8kg, Began losing weight in
mid-1990. - Developed suspicious number of abscesses
and infected scratches after skirmishes with
other catsworkup shows whitish grey plaques
bilaterally in ear-canal - biopsies
non-diagnostic no radiographic evidence of otitis
media... otitis resolved after antibiotic
treatment
16 - Stinky's rescords show
- Spring 1991 Hair coat shows marked thinning,
- presumably pruritic as cat is constantly
grooming. - Skin and hair samples show evidence of
- dermatophytosisCulture on dermatophyte medium
Dermakit- - heavy growth of Trichophyton equinum and another
- obscure dermatophyte that is not normally
pathogenictreated with oral ketoconazole
resolved in 2 weeks, hair coat improved.Fall
1991 Upper respiratory tract problems but no
etiological agent could be identifiedSpring
1991 Alopecia and pruritus returned. URT
problems still there. alopecia treated with oral
vitamin EYou decide to see if Stinky's chronic
problems are related to FeLV infection.
What should you do? What samples do you
need to take? What does the tests
determine? What do the results
mean?Stinky's test show that he is FeLV
ELISA-FastKit positive, FeLV PCR positiveWhat
is you opinion?!
17Prezentare caz Emily-4luni
- Emily was a 4 month old female Siamese. She
was apparently healthy until the previous day
when she was caught under the leg of a recliner
chair. She has had difficulty breathing since
then. A physical examination showed that Emily
had trouble breathing - Inspirational effort,
marked pleural effusion present. Her chest showed
more than normal resistance to compression.Radiol
ogical findings - There is a medium to large volume of pleural
fluid with associated lung collapse. The
mediastinum is abnormally dense. The heart is
difficult to assess.Progress exam. No.1 - There
is an increased volume of pleural fluid with
further lung collapseProgress exam No 2 - Again
there is an increase in pleural fluid indicating
active fluid formation or hemorrhage, as the case
may be.Reassessment of the abdomen indicates an
almost certain cranial mediastinal mass as seen
in the dorsoventral view.Radiologist's note - This latter diagnosis, although unsuspected in
the context of the proposed trauma, was confirmed
on the basis of the palpable mass in the
mediastinum. the reason for the rapid fluid
formation is uncertain. Possibly, trauma might
cause hemorrhage in a mass or a mass may erode
regional vasculature to produce such blood tinged
fluid as it is removed from this cat's thorax on
repeated occasions.
18- Necropsy report
- Gross necropsy Ventral mediastinal area
contains a nodular, grey-white mass--
approximately 3 X 3 X 6 cm in size. Both right
and left lung lobes appear atelectatic and there
is a 2 cm tear in the posterior mediastinum. A
single sub lumbar lymph node is visibly
enlarged.Histopathology - Sections of mediastinal mass contain a uniform
population of lymphoblast like cells. These cells
have roughly circular nuclei, some have prominent
nucleoli and most have minimal cytoplasm that has
ill defined margins. There are scattered foci of
necrotic cells and hemorrhage. Similar cells have
replaced the sub lumbar lymph node that was
sectioned and are also present in sinusoids and
portal areas of the liver. - Immunohistochemistry
- A section of the liver shows cells that stain
with anti GAG antibody as well as antibody
against CD3. How would you interpret the
results of the immunohistochemistry? Was the
tumor induced by a feline retrovirus? How
did a young 4 month old kitten develop rapidly
growing retrovirus induced tumor?
19Feline immunodeficiency virus- FIV
- First isolated in 1986, (FIV) is a
retrovirus-lentivirus closely related to HIV.
Most felids are susceptible to FIV, but humans
are not. - FIV is endemic in domestic cat populations
worldwide - (4 subtypes A and B are most common in Europe)
- Seroprevalence of FIV varies greatly between
regions - Sick adult cats, male cats and free-roaming
cats are most likelyto be infected - FIV loses infectivity quickly outside the host
and is susceptible to all disinfectants including
common soap
20Infectia cu FIV
- Most FIV infections are acquired by bites
(fights, mating) from persistently infected cats.
The risk of transmission is low in households
with socially - well-adapted cats
- Transmission from mother to kittens may occur,
especially if the queen is undergoing an acute
infection - FIV infected cats are persistently infected in
spite of their ability to mount antibody and
cell-mediated immune responses
21Patogeneza infectiei cu FIV
Inapparent in most cats
22Clinic suspicionam FIV?
- Infection has a long latent or asymptomatic
phase. Infected cats generally remain free of
clinical signs for several years, and some cats
never develop disease. - Clinical signs are not caused by FIV, but are
the consequence of immunodeficiency(CD4/CD8
decreased ratio) - Typical manifestations are
- Acute phase
- May last a few days to few weeks
- Fever and malaise may go unnoticed
- Acute enteritis (diarrhea), stomatitis,
dermatitis, conjunctivitis, respiratory tract
disease - Generalized lymph node enlargement common
23Clinic suspicionam FIV?
- Asymptomatic phase
- Follows acute phase Appear clinically
healthyMay last for years Use to say would
become ill within 5 years Now know that many
FIV cats can live normal lives for much
longer - FIV is not a death sentence.
24Clinic suspicionam FIV?
- Terminal phase
- - No good predictor of when this phase will occur
- - Characterized by opportunistic infections,
neoplasia or other syndromes such as wasting - bacterial, fungal, and protozoal (Toxoplasmosis,
Ringworms) infections common - treatment is directed at the secondary condition
- - Chronic gingivostomatitis
- - Lymphadenopathy
- - Renal failure associated with immune-mediated
glomerulonephritis - - Chronic rhinitis and - weight loss
25Examenele de laborator paraclinice-suspiciune?
- None are specific for FIV but
- Acute phase
- Neutropenia, lymphopenia
- Resolves as progresses to asymptomatic phase
- CBC and chem panel normal during asymptomatic
phase - Clinically ill cats may have
- anemia, neutropenia, lymphopenia (seen in 1/3
1/2 of cats), thrombocytopenia - Cytopenias may reflect secondary disease or may
be suppression of bone marrow precursors by the
FIV infection
26DIAGNOSTICUL FIV DIAGNOSTICUL FIV
- FIV produces a persistent, life-long infection,
so detection of - antibodies in peripheral blood has been judged
sufficient for - routine diagnostic screening if the cat has not
been previously - vaccinated against FIV and has not acquired FIV
antibodies in - colostrum.21, 22
- ELISA and other immunochromatographic tests are
the preferred screening tests - Agrolabo FIV ELISA antibody
- Agrolabo FIV IC
- Agrolabo FeLV/FIV IC
- Confirmation of positive screening tests should
include a different method or at least an
antibody test from a different manufacturer.23,
24 Western Blot tests have been the recommended
confirmation test in the past, but were found to
be less sensitive and specific than in-clinic
screening tests in one study.22
27DIAGNOSTICUL FIV DIAGNOSTICUL FIV
- Vaccination of cats against FIV induces
anti-FIV antibodies . These antibodies persist
for at least one year and can be transferred in
colostrum to kittens. - Discriminant ELISA was reported by Dr. Levy
and co-workers from the University of Florida,
can differentiate between antibodies produced
after FIV vaccination and antibodies produced
after FIV infection. - While polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays
may help distinguish cats infected with FIV from
cats vaccinated against FIV, one study found
marked variability in diagnostic accuracy among
commercial laboratories. - Positive in-practice ELISA test results
obtained in a low-prevalence - or low-risk population should always be
confirmed by a laboratory - Western blot or IFA are the gold standard
laboratory test for FIV serology - PCR-based assays (for proviral DNA) are
variable in performance and may even be inferior
to serological tests
28Diagnostic-rezultate fals pozitive!
- Want to confirm diagnosis with IFA Biopronix or
Western Immunoblot antibody testing in
asymptomatic cats - IFA same accuracy of ELISA but may decrease
technical error by sending to lab - Western blot considered gold standard for
confirming a positive - Kittens from FIV infected queens may test
seropositive due to persisting maternal
antibodies, and should be retested at 16 weeks of
age. Exceptionally, kittens may remain
seropositive until 6 months of age
29Diagnostic-rezultate fals negative!
- False negatives occur due to
- Anergic stage of disease (terminal phase)
- Early infection and lack of seroconversion
- Lack of seroconversion due to immunosuppression
or seroconversion occurs later in disease (up to
6 months reported) - Most cats seroconvert within 2-4 weeks
post-exposure but may take up to 8 weeks
30 Managmentul Bolii
- Cats should never be euthanised only on the
basis of an FIV positive test result, cats may
live as long as uninfected cats. - Neutering is recommended to reduce aggression
and decrease biting incidents - FIV infected cats should receive regular (6
monthly) veterinary health checks including
routine biochemistry, haematology and weight
monitoring - Prompt and accurate diagnosis of any secondary
illness is essential - FIV infected cats can be housed in the same
ward as other patients, but should be kept in
individual cages separate from cats with
contagious conditions - In rescue shelters, cats should be housed
individually to avoid crossinfection - (at the very least, FIV positive cats should be
segregated)
31Managmentul Bolii
- Feline interferon omega may reduce clinical
signs and extend the survival time - AZT (azidothymidine) may be used, but side
effects may occur - Surgery is well-tolerated by asymptomatic FIV
infected cats, but perioperative antibiotic
treatment should be used in all cases - Care must be taken to avoid iatrogenic virus
transmission(e.g. by thorough decontamination of
surgical instruments that have been used on
seropositive cats) - Avoid use of Griseofulvin for dermatophyte
infections (increased susceptibility to
neutropenia)
32Vaccinarea
- In Europe at present there is no FIV vaccine
commercially available - Vaccination against routine pathogens can be
- considered for healthy seropositive cats but is
not recommended for sick, FIV infected cats
- Fel-O-Vax FIV (Fort Dodge)
- new vaccine available on the market
- minimal side effects
- Efficacy quoted to be 82 but heavily disputed
- Protects against Subtype A and D of FIV
- Subtype B FIV probably more common
- Vaccine titer and infectious titer not
distinguishable on ELISA or Western blot testing
and will make diagnosis of the disease very
difficult !!
33 Concluzii1.FIV positive cats (like this
one) may live as long as uninfected cats
2.Chronic infections may arise due to FIV
Infection
3. Cats should never be euthanised on the basis
of an FIV positive test alone
344.Chronic infections may arise due to FIV
Infection gingivitis, stomatitis, otic
infections
5.Weight loss and haemorrhagic enteritis in an
FIV positive cat
35FeLV Algoritmul de Diagnostic
- All positive results should be confirmed,
especially asymptomatic and low-risk cats.
Re-test immediately with IFA/ELISA - Negative screening test results are highly
reliable. However, if results are negative but
recent infection cannot be ruled out, testing
should be repeated a minimum of 30 days after the
last potential exposure (Supraveghere
epidemiologica 3 testari la un interval de 30
de zile efectuate pe un numar cat mai mare de
animlae preferabil toate animalele din efectiv) - Discordant results may be due to the stage of
infection, the variability of host responses or
technical problems with testing. It is not
usually possible to determine the true FeLV
infection status of cats with persistently
discordant test results. - If resolving is desired, re-test in 60 days using
antigen and IFA. May also consider utilizing
alternative test methods such as culture or PCR
where available. Consider FeLV-infected and start
appropriate management program. - Antigen Test
- Negative results for either FeLV or FIV are much
more reliable because of the low prevalence of
infection in most cat populations. - No test is 100 accurate all the time, under all
conditions. In cat populations with a low
prevalence, for example less than 0.5, more than
half of the cats that test positive are likely to
be uninfected.26
36FIV Algoritmul de Diagnostic
- Cats vaccinated with a whole-virus vaccine will
test antibody-positive. Re-test with another
antibody test. - Negative screening test results are highly
reliable. However, if results are negative but
recent infection cannot be ruled out, testing
should be repeated a minimum of 60 days after the
last potential exposure. - Antibody Test
- If positive after kitten reaches 6 months old,
consider FIV-infected and continue appropriate
management program. - May also consider utilizing alternative test
methods such as culture or PCR where available. - If negative at any interval, consider free of
infection and begin wellness program. - Kittens may be tested for FeLV and FIV at any
age. Most kittens test negative, indicating no
infection. Antibody tests for FIV can detect
antibodies passed in colostrum from an infected
or vaccinated mother, which can be mistaken for
infection in the kitten. - Kittens that test positivefor FIV antibodies
should be retested every 60 days up to 6 months
of age and if the kitten becomes seronegative, it
most likely is not infected. If results of tests
performed after six months of age are still
confirmed positive, these kittens should be
considered infected. - FeLV vaccinations will NOT induce positive test
results. - FIV vaccinations WILL induce positive test
results.
37Managmentul Cazurilor Pozitive Sanatoase Clinic
- Examinations should be performed at least twice a
year and at each visit - Update medical history. Monitor for any signs of
weight loss. - Perform a thorough physical exam pay close
attention to lymph nodes, eyes and oral cavity. - Perform a complete blood count, biochemical
analysis, urinalysis, and fecal examination at
least once a year. FeLV cats may need a complete
blood count twice a year. - Spay or neuter intact cats. Control internal and
external parasites. - Vaccinate as lifestyle indicates. Most
retrovirus-infected cats mount adequate immune
responses when vaccinated, and there is no need
to modify standard vaccination intervals.28 - There is controversy about the use of inactivated
versus modified-live vaccines. Current
recommendations are to use inactivated vaccine
products due to the theoretical risk of a
modified-live product regaining its pathogenicity
in cats with compromised immune systems. - Infected queens should not be bred and should be
spayed if their condition is sufficiently stable
to permit them to undergo surgery.
38Managmentul Cazurilor Pozitive Clinic manifeste
- Prompt and accurate diagnosis is essential to
allow early therapeutic intervention and a
successful treatment outcome. Therefore,
intensive diagnostic testing should proceed early
in the course of illness for infected cats. - Many cats infected with FeLV or FIV respond as
well as their uninfected counterparts to
appropriate medications and treatment
strategies,although a longer or more aggressive
course of treatment may be needed. - Few attempts have been made to evaluate
anti-viral drugs, immunomodulators, or
alternative therapies in large controlled studies
of naturally infected cats. To date, no treatment
has been shown to reverse well-established
retrovirus infection in cats. - Clients with a healthy or ill retrovirus positive
cat may be frightened by the initial diagnosis. - It is important to alleviate these fears when
appropriate and offer encouraging advice on the
proper care and management of the cat.
39 LIMITAREA TRANSMITERII FeLV-FIV
- In the veterinary Practice
- Retroviruses are unstable outside their host
animals and can be quickly inactivated by
detergents and routine disinfectants.1317 - Simple precautions and routine cleaning
procedures will prevent transmission of these
agents in veterinary hospitals. - As a guide
- All infected patients should be housed in
individual cages and not in isolation/contagious
wards where they may be exposed to infectious
agents. - Staff should wash their hands between patients
and after cleaning cages. - Because FeLV and FIV can be transmitted in
blood transfusions, donors should be tested prior
to donating. A real-time PCR test for FeLV is
also recommended for blood donors as proviral
elements in seronegative cats with regressive
FeLV infection may cause infection in transfusion
recipients. - Dental and surgical instruments, endotracheal
tubes and other items potentially contaminated
with body fluids should be thoroughly cleaned and
sterilized between uses. - Fluid lines, multi-dose medication containers
and food can become contaminated with body fluids
(especially blood or saliva) and should not be
shared among patients.
40 LIMITAREA TRANSMITERII FeLV-FIV
- Limiting transmission At home
- Confine Infected cats should be confined
indoors so they do not pose a risk of infection
to other cats and so they are protected against
infectious hazards in the environment. - Isolate The best method of preventing spread
to other cats in the household is to isolate the
infected cat from interacting with its
housemates. Isolation to a separate room is
recommended, but a simple screen or chain-link
barrier is adequate. Generally, FIV transmission
is low in households with stable social
structures where housemates do not fight, but
FeLV can still be transmitted via friendly
interactions. - Dont Introduce If separation is not possible,
no new cats should be introduced in the household
to reduce the risk of territorial aggression. - If owners choose not to separate
retrovirus-infected housemates from their other
cats, the uninfected cats should be consideredfor
vaccination. Vaccinated cats should be isolated
from infected cats for at least two months after
the vaccine series is completed.
41 LIMITAREA TRANSMITERII FeLV-FIV
- Prevention of FeLV and FIV transmission in
Shelters and Catteries - Control recommendations
- As for pet cats, it is ideal for all cats in
shelters and catteries to be tested for FeLV and
FIV. - Testing at admission is optional for
singly-housed cats in shelters, but all cats in
breeding catteries should be tested. Testing is
highly recommended for group-housed cats. If not
performed prior to adoption, testing should be
recommended to the new owner before exposure to
other cats. - Testing should be repeated 60 days after the
initial test and annually for cats kept in
long-term group housing. - Each cat should be individually tested. Testing
representative kittens in a litter or colony and
extrapolating results to other cats in the group
is unreliable. Procedures such as pooling
multiple samples for use in a single test reduce
test sensitivity and should not be performed. - Both foster families and adopters should have
their own resident cats tested prior to fostering
or adopting a new cat. - FeLV vaccination is optional for singly housed
cats. Cats should test negative prior to
vaccination. FeLV vaccination is highly
recommended for all cats housed in groups and for
both foster cats and permanent residents in
foster homes. - In catteries that follow testing guidelines and
maintain retrovirus-negative status, vaccination
against FeLV and FIV is not necessary. - Vaccination is not 100 effective and should
never be used in place of a test and segregate
program. - In contrast to the case for feline panleukopenia,
herpesvirus and calicivirus vaccines, the value
of a single FeLV vaccine for feral cats has not
been determined. Therefore, FeLV vaccination is
not recommended for feral cat trap-neuter-return
programs if program resources are needed for
higher priorities. - FIV vaccination is not recommended for use in
shelters or feral cats. - Strict adherence to universal precautions is
required to prevent iatrogenic transmission of
retroviruses in the shelter environment via
contaminated equipment and secretions.
42Epilog!
- You dont have to consider it a death sentence.
First of all, youd do well to have the animal
retested after about three months, since the
original test may have yielded a false positive. - Secondly, some FeLV-infected cats develop an
effective immune response, which controls the
viral infection and results in a transient
viremia instead of a persistent viremia. - In these cats, subsequent FeLV tests will show
that the cat no longer has virus in its blood. - Finally, while there is no complete cure for
FeLV or FIV infection, newer treatments and
supportive care can often result in several years
of relatively good health.
43Bibliografie
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retroviruses and oral disease. unpublished.
reported in veterinary medicine spot light
on research. 13. Francis dP, Essex m, gayzagian
d. Feline leukemia virus survival under home and
laboratory conditions. J Clin microbiol.
1979 9154156. 14. van Engelenburg Fa, Terpstra
Fg, schuitemaker h, moorer Wr (2002) The
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44 Din Prezentarile Viitoare!
- Dermatomicozele pisicilor.
- Coronaviroza felina-Peritonita inf. Felina.
- Grupele de sange-transfuzii-determinismul genetic
al grupelor sanguine ale pisicilor. - Herpesvirusurile si calicivirusurile pisicilor.
- Panleucopenia pisicii.
- Filarioza felina.
- Bartonele si Hemobartonele feline.
- Alergii si Tratamente alergice
45 Va Multumesc !
- DR. Dragos Cobzariu DVM PhD
- Infectious Diseases Dept.
- Veterinary Faculty Bucarest
- SC Care For Your Family SRL
- distributor of
- Agrolabo-Biopronix-Italy
- dragoscobzariu_at_gmail.com
-