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Infectious diseases of the dog and cat

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Title: Infectious diseases of the dog and cat


1
Infectious diseases of the dog and cat
2
The Respiratory tract
  • Canine Distemper
  • Canine Adenovirus type 2
  • Parainfluenza virus 2
  • Canine Herpesvirus 1

3
Distemper
  • Paramyxovirus
  • Disease of Canidae, seals, dolphins
  • Serologically unique
  • Virus strains differ in virulence
  • Not very resistant

4
Patogenesis
Distemper
  • Respiratory infection - aerosol
  • Primary replication in macrophages of upper
    respiratory tract (within 24 hours) and
    subsequently in macrophages and lymphocytes
    (lymph nodes, tonziles)
  • 6 days following infection, first wave of fever
    and lymphopenia
  • Critical period 8-10 days p.i.
  • Virus dissemination in epithelial cells and CNS

5
Critical period
Distemper
  • absence of Ab
  • Till 10 18 days
  • Infection of epithelial cells
  • Secondary replication
  • 2nd wave of fever
  • Lymphopenia
  • Clinical signs
  • Ab titre gt 100
  • Virus elimination
  • End of viremia
  • Long lasting immunity

6
Distemper forms
Distemper
  • Systemic Distemper
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Bronchitis, pneumonia
  • Nervous form
  • Hematogenous spread of the virus
  • Demyelinisation
  • Old dog encephalitis
  • Hyperkeratosis (hard pad)
  • Transplacental transmission
  • Immunosupression, secondary infections

7
Diagnostics
Distemper
  • Conjunctival swab
  • pharyngeal swab
  • urine, blood, serum
  • Cerebrospinal fluid
  • Postmortem lungs, tonzils, lymph nodes, urinary
    bladder, brain

8
Diagnostics
Distemper
  • IFA - yes
  • Isolation on tissue cultures no
  • Isolation on embryonnated eggs no
  • Intracytoplasmatic and intranuclear inclusions
    (in epithel. cells, neuronal cells, leukocytes)

9
Failure of IFA
Distemper
  • Virus masking by antibodies
  • Virus occurrence in focuses
  • Time limited occurrence

10
Detection of Antibodies
Distemper
  • VNT (paired samples)
  • Indirect IFA
  • Immune status
  • (after 2nd. viremia)
  • Prognosis non favourable lt 120
  • Protection gt 1100
  • Protection incertain 120 1100

11
Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid
Distemper
  • Used to confirm CDV encephalopathy
  • Detection of specific IgM and IgG in the
    CSF-acute Distemper

12
Kennel cough
  • Viruses
  • Parainfluenza virus 2
  • Adenovirus type 2
  • Replication in the lower part of the respiratory
    tract

13
Bacterial and fungal infections in the
respiratory system (RS)
  • Nasal infections (acute/ chronic diseases,
    mycoses)
  • Upper RT (kennel cough)
  • Lower RT

14
Diagnosis of RS infections
  • Localizing diseases
  • Imaginig the RT (endoscopy, tomography, magnetic
    resonance imaginig)
  • Obtaining material for microbiological
    examinations
  • Swabing of RS
  • Washing (nasal, transtracheal aspiration,
    endotracheal w., bronchoalveolar lavage)

15
The upper RS
  •  
  •  
  • B.bronchiseptica prim. doxycycline
    p.o.
  •  
  • S.intermedius co-amoxicillin
    p.o.
  • cephalosporins 1.g.
    p.o.
  •  
  • Escherichia coli flumequin
    p.o.
  •  
  • Pasteurella multocida cephalosporins 1.g.
    p.o.
  • amox./ampicillin
    p.o.
  •  
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae flumequin
    p.o.
  • Aspergillus spp.
  •  

16
The lower RS Bronchopneumonia I.
  • B.bronchiseptica prim. doxycycline
    p.o.
  •  
  • S.intermedius co-amoxicillin
    p.o.
  • cephalosporins 1.g.
    p.o.
  •  
  • Escherichia coli flumequin
    p.o.
  •  
  • Pasteurella multocida cephalosporins 1.g.
    p.o.
  • amox./ampicillin
    p.o.
  •  
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae flumequin
    p.o.

17
Bronchopneumonia II.
  •  
  •  
  • P.aeruginosa enro/difloxacin
    s.c.,p.o.
  •  
  • Pseudomonas spp. amikacin
    i.v.,i.m.,s.c.
  • piperacilllin/tikarcillin
    i.v.,i.m.
  • gentamicin
    i.v.,i.m.,s.c.
  •  
  • Obligate anaerobes co-amoxicillin
    i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
  • clindamycin
    i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
  • Streptococcus spp. amox./ampicillin
    i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
  • benzylpenicillin
    s.c.,i.m.
  • Mycobacterium spp.

18
Pyothorax/pleuritis
  •  
  • Escherichia coli enro/difloxacin
    s.c.,p.o.
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae enro/difloxacin
    s.c.,p.o.
  •  
  • Enterobacter spp. cephalosporins 2.-3.g.
    i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
  • P.multocida co-amoxicillin
    i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
  • cephalosporins 1.g.
    i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
  • Obligate anaerobes co-amoxicillin
    i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
  • klindamycin
    i.m.,p.o.
  • S.intermedius co-amoxicillin
    i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
  • cephalosporins 1.g.
    i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.

19
Enteric tract - viruses
  • Canine parvovirus CPV-2
  • Canine coronavirus
  • Distemper
  • Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1)

20
Parvovirosis
  • Canine Parvovirus
  • Hosts Canidae
  • Originated by mutations from Feline panleukopenia
    virus
  • Three antigennic types CPV-2a,b,c
  • Very stable and resistant
  • Disease of 6 8 weeks old puppies

21
Pathogenesis
Parvo
  • Oral infection
  • Primary replication in the regional lymph-nodes
    and tonziles (1 2 days)
  • Replication in enterocytes, myocardium
  • Virus is disseminated by blood
  • Virus could be isolated from all tissues
  • Significant affinity to replicating cells
    (mitosis)!!
  • Enteritis
  • Myocarditis

22
Transplacental infection
Parvo
  • Acute myocarditis in 3 8 weeks
  • Mortality 20 100

23
Pathogenesis
Parvo
  • Virus replicates in non-mature enterocytes
  • Transient lymphodepletion and neutropenia..
    bacterias (sepsis) and viruses.

24
Diagnosis
Parvo
  • Hemmaglutination test (porcine erytrocytes)
  • Virus isolation on A72, CRFK no!
  • Rapid immunochromatographic tests

25
Serological tests
Parvo
  • Hemmaglutination inhibition test
  • titres gt80 are protective
  • Colostral antibodies persist till 8 16 weeks of
    age
  • 4 fold rise is significant

26
Canine Coronavirus
Corona
  • Mild infection, often asymptomatic
  • 70 Ab positive dogs
  • Age 1-3 months
  • Incubation period 3-4 days
  • Involvement of small intestine, replication in
    mature enterocytes on the apical surface of
    intestinal villi, virus shedding up to 2 weeks
  • Watery yellow-green diarrhea

27
Diagnosis
Corona
  • Serology -meaningless- low titre of systemic IgG
  • Paired samples
  • EM, FA, Cell cutures
  • Inaktivated vaccine interference with colostral
    antibodies

28
The alimentary tract infections
  • The oral cavity, pharynx
  • The stomach
  • The intestine

29
The alimentary tract
  • stomatitis , periodontitis
  •  
  • Obligate anaerobes clindamycin
    p.o.
  • co-amoxicillin
    p.o.,s.c.,i.m.
  •  gastritis
  •  Helicobacter spp. amoxicillin-metronidazole
    p.o.
  • Acute enterokolitis
  •  
  • Salmonella spp. flumequin
    p.o.
  • Y.enterocolitica potenc.sulfonaides
    p.o.
  • amox./ampicillin
    p.o
  •  
  • Campylobacter spp. erythromycin
    p.o.
  • C.perfringens .amox./ampicillin
    i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
  • E.coli (EHEC,EAEC) potenc.sulfonamides
    p.o.
  • E.coli sultamicilin
    i.v.,i.m.
  • (neonatal sepsis) cephalosporins 2.-3.g
    s.c.,i.v.,i.m.
  •  
  •  

30
The urinary tract
  •  
  • Escherichia coli potenc.sulfonamides
    p.o.,i.m.
  •  
  • Proteus mirabilis. amox./ampicillin
    p.o.,i.m.,i.v.,s.c.
  •  
  • Proteus vulgaris potenc.sulfonamides
    p.o.,i.m.,s.c.
  • S.intermedius co-amoxicillin
    p.o.
  • cephalosporins 1.g.
    p.o.
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae cephalosporins 1.-3.g.
    p.o.,i.m.,i.v.,s.c.
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa tetracycline
    p.o.
  •  
  • Enterococcus spp. amox./ampicillin
    p.o.
  •  
  • Streptococcus spp. amox./ampicillin
    p.o.
  •  

31
Urogenital tract and viruses
  • Canine Herpesvirus CHV-1
  • Distemper
  • Parvovirus

32
Canine Herpesvirus
  • Opportunistic pathogen
  • Period of increased sensitivity
  • last 3 weeks of pregnancy
  • 3 weeks after birth
  • stress

33
Pathogenesis
CHV-1
  • Infection
  • transplacental
  • during parturition oronasal infection
  • Primary replication in oronasal region
  • Infection of mononuclear cells
  • Spread in organs and tissues
  • Latency

34
Diagnosis
CHV-1
  • PCR
  • Isolation on tissue culture??? (primary canine
    fibroblasts) CPE within 48 hours
  • Neutralization test
  • paired samples

35
The skin (pyoderma)
  •  
  • S.intermedius cephalosporins 1.g.
    p.o.
  • co-amoxicillin
    p.o.
  • oxacillin
    p.o.
  • Escherichia coli potenc.sulfonamides
    p.o.
  • Proteus mirabilis cephalosporins 1.g.
    p.o.
  • Pseudomonas spp. enro/difloxacin
    p.o.
  • Streptococcus canis cephalosporins 1.g.
    p.o.
  • Bacillus cereus co-amoxicillin
    p.o.

36
CNS - viruses
  • Distemper
  • Rabies

37
The cat
38
Enteric Infections
  • Feline Panleukopenia
  • Feline infectious peritonitis - FIP

39
Felina Panleukopenia
  • Parvovirus
  • Ag related with other parvoviruses
  • Oronasal infection
  • Newborn kittens systemic or CNS infection
  • Later panleukopenia and enteritis

40
Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP)
  • Coronavirus
  • Susceptible hosts felidae
  • Antigenniv relationship with other coronaviruses
    (TGEV, CCoV)
  • FIP mutation of ubikvitous feline enteral
    coronavirus (FeCV)
  • Both viruses differ by macrophage tropism

41
Pathogenesis
FIP
  • Primary replication epithelium of tonziles
  • Replication in enterocytes
  • Infection of macrophages allows virus spread in
    the organism

42
Pathogenesis
FIP
  • Antibodies enhance infection (Fc receptors allows
    entry into macrophages)
  • Immunocomplex
  • Cell mediated response is protective
  • Effusive - wet form
  • Non-effusive dry form (immunity is partially
    preserved)

43
Diagnosis
FIP
  • FeCV complicates diagnosis
  • Cross reactivity of antibodies
  • FeCV IFA titre 25 3200
  • FIP IFA titre 100 - 64000
  • Titre gt3200 evidence of FIP infection
  • Similarity of genomes complicates PCR diagnostics

44
FIV
  • Retrovirus
  • Host felidae
  • Main route of infection bite

45
Pathogenesis
FIV
  • Target cells
  • monocytes / macrophages
  • lymfocytes T , B
  • astrocytes
  • perzistent, life-long infection
  • Provirus integration into host cell chromosome
  • Expression of virus proteins is restricted
  • antigennic drift

46
Pathogenesis
FIV
  • Acute phase (several weeks)
  • fever
  • neutropenia
  • asymptomatic phase (3 5 years)
  • ARC (AIDS related complex)
  • generalized lymphadenopathy
  • chroni secundary infection of mouth and upper
    respiratory tract
  • 5 - 10 infected animals
  • tumors
  • Involvement of CNS

47
Diagnosis
FIV
  • Antibody detection
  • ELISA
  • IFA
  • Rapid tests
  • Serological latency- several weeks
  • PCR in some laboratories

48
Feline leukosis virus (FeLV)
  • Retrovirus
  • Disease of stray animals (1 - 7 of population)
  • Infection occurs in the first 5 years of life
    (age resistence)
  • transmission salive (bite), urine, feces, in
    utero

49
Pathogenesis
FeLV
  • 3 biotypes
  • FeLV-A Immunosupression, oportunistic infection
  • FeLV-B Viremia, immunosupression, neoplasia,
    lymphomas
  • FeLV-C thymus atrophy, lymphodepletion
  • permissive cells macrophages, lymphocytes,
    non-mature enterocytes
  • Antibodies are able to eliminate infection

50
Pathogenesis
FeLV
  • Primary replication in macrophages and B
    lymphocytes in tonziles
  • Primary viremia (1-2 weeks), virus is associated
    with mononuclear cells
  • Infected cells are in bone marrow, intestine,
    oesophagus, stomach, kidney, pancreas, urinary
    bladder
  • Virus is spread by saliva, urine, tears, feces

51
FeLV
  • Early phase
  • 4 16 weeks following infection (persistent
    viremia or regression)
  • latent phase - up to 3 years
  • Terminal phase
  • lymphoid tumors, anemia, immunodeficiency
    (secondary infection)
  • 83 of cats die during 3,5 years

52
Diagnosis
FeLV
  • p25 antigen detection in blood, saliva
  • ELISA
  • IFA
  • Rapid immunochromatographic tests
  • Antibody detection no!
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