Computers in Health Care

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Computers in Health Care

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Information Systems

• Computers were first introduced into hospitals to
  simplify accounting procedures.
• Save money and time

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Information Systems

• Medical Information System (MIS)-or Hospital
  Information System (HIS) were used in a hospital
  environment.
• Expensive

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Information Systems

• Eventually other departments in the
• hospital joined
• Pharmacy
• Hematology
• Clinical Chemistry
• Microbiology
• Dietary
• Nursing

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Computers are used for

• Word Processing
• Writing letters
• Memos
• Reports
• Policies and procedures
• Patient care plans
• These can be edited, corrected, and stored
  for future use.

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Computers are used for

• Compiling databases
• Creating information records for patients and
  employees
• An organized collection of information
• Each type of information is a field
• Within the database, each collection of related
  information is called a record

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Database

• Most databases that contain patient records are
  access limited or password protected to maintain
  patient confidentiality.

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Computers are used for

• Scheduling
• Recording appointments for patients and creating
  work schedules for employees

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Computers are used for

• Maintaining financial records
• Processing charges
• Billing patients
• Recording payments
• Completing insurance forms
• Maintaining accounts
• Calculating payrolls for employees

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Computers are used for

• Monitoring Patients
• Recording heart rhythms
• Pulse
• Blood pressure
• Blood oxygen levels
• Fetal movements

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Computers are used for

• Performing Diagnostic Test
• Radiological imaging
• Blood tests
• Urine test
• Cardiac and respiratory functions

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Computers are used for

• Maintaining Inventories
• Ordering and tracking supplies and equipment
• Coding supplies with bar codes for billing
  purposes

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Computers are used for

• Developing Spreadsheets
• Process bills
• Maintain accounts
• Create budgets
• Develop statistical reports
• Analyze finances
• Tabulate nutritional values of foods
• Evaluate treatments
• Project future needs

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Computers are used for

• Communicating
• Using modems or high speed data transmission
  networks to communicate with other departments or
  different facilities.
• Send or receive e-mail
• Order supplies or equipment
• Operate security systems

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Diagnostics

• Major goals of health care and medicine is
  determining exactly what is wrong with the
  patient

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Diagnostics

• First step with patient
• Taking a medical history
• Physical exam
• Based on these findings, several test may be
  ordered to diagnose or rule out disease.

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Diagnostics

• Test can be
• Invasive blood test where a syringe is inserted
  into a vein and blood is removed
• Noninvasive X-ray procedure where no opening to
  the body is required.

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Diagnostics

• Computerized instruments automate the
  step-by-step manual procedure of analyzing
• Blood
• Urine
• Serum
• Body-fluid samples

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Diagnostics

• Computerized instruments can analyze a drop of
  serum, blood, urine, or body fluid on a slide at
  rates of over 500 specimens an hour.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

• Computerized interpretation system produces
  visual pictures on a computer monitor and a
  printout of the electrical activity of a
  patients heart.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

• Gives important information concerning the spread
  of electrical impulses to the heart chambers.
• Important in diagnosing heart disease.

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Electrocardiogram (ECG)

• Stress Test
• ECG runs while the patient is exercising
• This allows the physician to evaluate the
  function of the patients heart during activity.

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Echocardiograph

• Utilizes a computer to direct ultrahigh-frequency
  sound waves through the chest wall and into the
  heart.
• The computer then converts the reflection of the
  waves to an image of the heart

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Echocardiograph

• This test can be used to evaluate
• Cardiac function
• Reveal valve irregularities
• Show defects in the heart walls
• Visualize the presence of fluid between the
  layers of the pericardium

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Computerized Tomography (CT scan)

• Advancement in medical imaging
• Introduced in 1972
• The first computer-based body and brain scanner.

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Computerized Tomography (CT scan)

• This noninvasive, computerized X-ray permits
  physicians to see clear, cross-sectional views
  of
• Both bone and body tissues
• Find abnormalities such as tumors

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Computerized Tomography (CT scan)

• How does it work?
• The CT scanner shoots a pencil-thin beam of
  X-rays through any part of the body and from many
  different angles
• The devices computer then creates a
  cross-sectional image of the body part of a
  screen.

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Computerized Tomography (CT scan)

• Provides a clear image of the soft tissues inside
  the body.
• It exposes the patient to less radiation than a
  conventional X-ray.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)

• Computerized, body scanning method uses nuclear
  magnetic resonance instead of X-ray radiation.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)

• This is the alteration of the magnetic position
  of hydrogen atoms to produce an image.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)

• Patient is placed in a large circular magnet,
  which uses the magnetic field to measure activity
  of hydrogen atoms within the body.
• Computer translates that activity into
  cross-sectional images of the body.

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Magnetic Resonance Imaging(MRI)

• Allows physicians to
• See blood moving through veins and arteries
• See a swollen joint shrink in response to
  medication
• Reaction of cancerous tumors to treatment

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

• A slightly radioactive substance is injected into
  the patient and detected by the PET scanner
• The devices computer then composes a
  three-dimensional image from the radiation
  detected.

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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

• The image allows the physician to see an organ
  and bone from all sides.
• This image is similar to a model that can be
  picked up and examined.

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Ultrasonography

• Uses high frequency sound waves that bounce back
  as an echo when they hit different tissue and
  organs inside the body.
• A computer then uses the sound wave signs to
  creates a picture of the body part.

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Ultrasonography

• The picture can be viewed on a computer screen or
  processed on film.

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Ultrasonography

• Used to detect
• Tumors
• Locate aneurysms
• Blood vessel abnormalities
• Examine the shape and size of internal organs

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Ultrasonography

• During Pregnancy
• Detect multiple pregnancies
• Size of baby
• Sex of baby
• Abnormalities of the fetus

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Ultrasonography

• 3-D Sonogram
• Specialized machine that allows technicians to
  store 5 seconds worth of images in a computer
• They can then create a 3-D color picture similar
  to a portrait of the infant in the uterus.

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Ultrasonography

• 3-D Sonogram
• Physicians will use this to detect birth defects
  that are not always visible on a standard
  sonogram.
• To determine the severity of a birth defect.

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64 Slice CT Scan
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64 Slice CT Scan
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Computers in Education

• Research has shown that computer-based learning
  decreases time on the task and increases
  achievement and retention of knowledge.

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Computers in Education

• Computer-assisted instruction (CAI)
• Educational computer programming designed for
  individualized use
• User paced
• User friendly
• Proceeds in an orderly, organized fashion from
  topic to topic.

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Computers in Education

• It may use
• Animated graphics
• Color
• Sound

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Computers in Education

• It may have
• Drill-and-practice programs learning to calculate
  medication doses
• Tutorial for learning concepts about the heart

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Computers in Education

• May take the form of a simulation
• Allows the learned to do a clinical procedure,
  such as taking patients blood pressure or drawing
  blood form a vein.
• Allows the user to perform a simulated operation
  on a patient

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Computers in Education

• Patient-education software
• Osteoarthritis
• Obesity
• Manage stress
• Diseases

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Computers in Education

• Interactive video or Computer Assisted Video
• Medical terminology to health care workers
• Clinical skills to nurses
• Physical exam techniques to physicians
• Anatomy and physiology to students

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Computers and Research

• National Library of Medicine Database
• A major source used to help health care
  professionals analyze statistics and obtain
  information.
• Largest research library in the scientific
  community.
• Located at the NIH

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Computers and Research

• MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval
  System (MEDLARS)
• A bibliographical biomedical information database
• Includes 20 other databases, including Medline.

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Computers and Research

• Clinical research
• Example-
• People who have had severe spinal cord injuries,
  microcomputers are used to initiate the
  electrical impulses that stimulate skeletal
  muscles.
• Computer controlled walking system