Organization of the Human Body

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Organization of the Human Body

• Chap 46

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Cell specialization

• Zygote
• Forms three germ layers
• Ectoderm outher layer, skin nervous system
• Mesoderm middle layer, muscles, bones and
  connective tissue
• Endoderm Inner layer, organs

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Germ Layers
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Cell specialization

• Tissue types
• Connective binds and supports other structures
  (bones, elastins)
• Function gives strength to softer tissues
• Origin mesoderm

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Connective Tissue
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Cell specialization (cont)

• Muscle
• Function movement
• Origin mesoderm

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Muscle tissue
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Cell specialization (cont)

• Nerve
• Function communication, coordination,
  information
• Origin ectoderm
• Types of nervous transmission
• Afferent sensory
• Efferent motor

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Nerve Tissue
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Afferent vs Efferent nerves
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Tissues make organs
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Organs make up Organ systems
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Organ systems (cont)
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Skeletal System

• Endoskeleton
• Advantages
• Flexible
• No molting
• Greatest support with least weight
• Disadvantages
• less protection than exo-
• Depend on nervous system for protection

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• Skeleton Functions
• Support
• Muscle attachment
• Protection organs and CNS
• Store minerals
• Marrow storage

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• Bone development
• Long bones
• Develop from cartilage Ossification
• Remove minerals from blood
• Calcium phosphate ions
• Calcium carbonate ions
• Continues throughout childhood

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Long bones
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Long bone Developement
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• Bone development (cont)
• Flat bones cranium, sternum, jaw
• Develop from membrane layers
• Sutures joints in bones
• Bones not fused in baby allows brain to grow

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Flatbones
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Bone Structure

• Diaphysis shaft of bone
• Epiphysis ends of long bones
• Epiphyseal line growth line/plate
• Haversian system
• Haversian canal channels through bones
• Functions delivers blood to bone, nutrients,
  osteocytes
• Marrow
• Red
• Found flat bones, epiphyseal portion of long
  bones
• Function RBC, WBC (erythrocytes, leucocytes)
• Yellow
• Found central cavity of long bones (diaphysis)
• Function fat storage (in emergency may produce
  RBCs

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Bone Structure
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Buffalo Humerus- Identify the parts of the long
bone
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Joints

• Types
• Hinge elbow
• Ball and socket hip
• Angular wrist
• Gliding vertebrae
• Pivotal Atlas and Axis
• Top 2 vertebrae that allow head rotation
• Attachment
• Bone to bone ligaments
• Muscle to bone tendons

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Ligaments and Tendons
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Muscle systems

• Muscle tissue
• Made of cells that are able to shorten

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Muscle fibers

• Fibers are single cells
• Energy provided by ATP (lots of mitochondria)
• Bundle of fibers is a motor unit

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Muscle structure- made of may fibers
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Muscle contraction videos

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vCepeYFvqmk4
• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vNRzJjx3ANuE

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Three Muscle types
(get notes from descriptions of pictures)
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Identify these Muscle types
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Flexors vs Extensors

• Flexor- pulls bone toward each other (flex)
• Extensors- pulls bones away from each other
  (extend)
• Work in opposites- each flexor has and extensor
  to control the range of motion

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Heart Contractions

• Sinoatrial node (pacemaker) in right atrium,
  impulse start here and causes contraction
• Atrioventricular node Causes ventricle
  contraction
• Atria contract, then ventricles, moves right to
  left

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Heart contractions
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Electrocardiograms (EKG/ECG)
Figure 8.15B, C