What is Respiration?

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What is Respiration?

• The chemical process of getting energy out of
  food.

Oxygen
Energy
Food
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Gas Exchange

• Physical methods that organisms have for
  obtaining oxygen from their surroundings and
  removing excess carbon dioxide

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Respiratory Surface

• When oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged
  between an organism and its environment, the
  gases pass through a boundary surface
• Thin-walled
• Moist
• In contact with transport system

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The Respiratory System has many parts
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Nasal Cavity

• Is lined with mucous membranes, which warm,
  moisten and filter the air.

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Pharynx

• Throat cavity where trachea and esophagus meet.
• The epiglottis keeps food from entering the
  trachea.

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Larynx

• Is the voice box.
• As air is breathed in and out, the vocal cords
  vibrate to make sounds.

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Trachea

• Tube lined with rings of cartilage (for strength
  and support).
• Lined with ciliated mucous membranes for trapping
  microscopic particles.

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Bronchi

• Tube which enters each lung.
• Bronchioles
• Bronchi subdivide many times forming bronchioles.

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Bronchi and Bronchioles
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Alveoli

• Are at the end of the bronchioles.
• Sacs surrounded by capillaries.
• This is where the exchange of oxygen and carbon
  dioxide takes place (respiratory surface).

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Surface Area

• The alveoli increase the surface area for gas
  exchange.
• The surface area of all the alveoli equals the
  surface area of a football field!

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Diaphragm

• A sheet of smooth muscle which changes the size
  of the chest cavity.

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DO NOW

• What are the 3 functions of part A?
• What is the name of part B?
• What is the name of part C?
• What is the name of part D?
• What is the name of Part E?

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Mechanics of Breathing

• Mechanical process of taking air into and out of
  the lungs

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Inhalation

• When inhaling, the diaphragm contracts, causing
  the chest cavity to enlarge.
• This contraction creates a vacuum, which pulls
  air into the lungs.

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Exhalation

• The diaphragm relaxes and moves up
• The volume of the chest cavity decreases
• Air is forced out

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Chemical Formulas for gas exchange

• Oxygen is carried by the red blood cells as
  oxyhemoglobin Hb(O2)4

• Carbon dioxide is carried in the form of the
  bicarbonate ion.
• CO2 H2O -----? H2CO3

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MALFUNCTIONS

• OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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BRONCHITIS

• Inflammation of the linings of the bronchial
  tubes
• Air passages become swollen and clogged with
  mucus
• Causes coughing and breathing difficulty
• Caused by bacteria or virus

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BRONCHITIS
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ASTHMA

• A severe allergic reaction.
• Constriction of the bronchioles makes breathing
  difficult.

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ASTHMA
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EMPHYSEMA

• Walls of the alveoli break down
• Less respiratory surface
• Shortness of breath

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PNEUMONIA

• Disease caused by bacteria or viruses.
• Alveoli fill with fluid.
• Prevents gas exchange.

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LUNG CANCER

• Tumors form in the lungs as a result of
  uncontrollable cell reproduction.

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• The diagram below represents part of a capillary
  in a specific region of the human body. The
  region labeled X represents part of(1) a
  glomerulus
• (2) an alveolus
• (3) a villus
• (4) the liver

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• In humans, gas exchange and gas transport occur
  as a result of the functioning of a system of
• (1) phloem tubes
• (2) lungs and blood vessels
• (3) ganglia
• (4) setae