Pathogens

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Pathogens Immune System Notes

• Chapter 14 32

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Pathogens

• Viruses
• DNA or RNA surrounded by protein coat
• Require a host cell to replicate
• Inserts genetic material into host cell
• Uses host cell to make more virus
• Eventually host cell bursts releasing more
  viruses
• Cannot be killed by antibiotics

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nm-viruses.htm
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Pathogens

• Bacteria
• Prokaryotic cell (doesnt have a membrane-bound
  nucleus)
• Has chromosomal DNA and plasmids
• Plasmid small circular DNA
• Can transfer DNA during conjugation
• Increases variability and survival
• Can be killed by antibiotics

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tnm--bacteria.htm
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Virus or Bacteria?
A --gt
lt-- B
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Immune System

• Nonspecific defenses
• Keeps pathogens out of the body
• First line of defense
• Skin
• Mucus
• Tears
• Sweat

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• Second line of defense
• Inflammation
• Increased blood flow to an area
• Release of histamine

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• Specific Defense 1
• Humoral Immunity
• Antibodies made by B-cells
• Antibodies recognize unique antigens on the
  surface of a pathogen
• Macrophage cells digest the pathogen

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• Specific Defense 2
• Cell-mediated immunity
• T cells attack pathogens by recognizing the
  proteins on them

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Acquired Immunity

• Memory cells carry information to fight pathogens
  youve already been exposed to
• Float in the blood / lymph until they encounter
  their pathogen
• Even if the pathogen has mutated, you may be
  protected!

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Acquired Immunity
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Other sources of immunity

• Newborns / Infants
• Antibodies through mothers milk
• Vaccinations
• Exposure to part of the pathogen so your body
  makes the memory cells

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Immune System Errors

• Allergies
• Body recognizes a threat where there isnt one
• Like in foods or pollen
• Auto Immune Diseases
• Body attacks its own cells / tissues

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HIV / AIDS

• Human immunodeficiency virus CAUSES acquired
  immune deficiency syndrome
• HIV attacks and kills T cells, so the immune
  system is VERY weak
• Person sick / dies from OTHER illnesses the body
  would usually fight off

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Behaviors In Your Control!

• Healthy, balanced diet
• Exercise
• Rest
• Shower Brush your teeth
• Clean your living space
• kitchen bathroom, especially!
• Avoid drugs, smoking and alcohol
• Abstinence or sexual responsibility
• Get vaccinations