Pathogens and Forest Ecosystems

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Pathogens and Forest Ecosystems
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NATIVE, CO-EVOLVED PATHOGENS ARE NATURAL PARTS
OF THE ECOSYSTEM
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Pathogens

• ADJUST RANGE LIMITS
• PROMOTE GENETIC DIVERSITY
• ACCELERATE NUTRIENT CYCLING
• REGULATE CARBON CYCLE
• DRIVE SUCCESSION
• CHANGE FOREST STRUCTURE AND COMPOSITION

(take home question?)
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PATHOGENS ADJUST RANGE LIMITS SWISS NEEDLE CAST
Phaeocryptopus gaeumannii
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Need better pseudothecia slide
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• PATHOGENS PROMOTE GENETIC DIVERSITY
• RHABDOCLINE NEEDLE CAST Rhabdocline species

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• PATHOGENS PROMOTE GENETIC DIVERSITY
• PINE NEEDLE CAST Lophodermella morbida

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PATHOGENS ACCELERATE NUTRIENT CYCLING LAMINATED
ROOT ROT Phellinus weirii
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ACROSS THE ROOT ROT FRONTMountain Hemlock Forest
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PATHOGENS REGULATE THE CARBON CYCLE CONK ROT
Phellinus pini
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CONK ROT INCIDENCE INCREASES WITH AGE (Boyce and
Wagg)
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NET ECOSYSTEM PRODUCTIVITY (Harmon)
CO2 H20 energy C6H12O6 H2O
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PATHOGENS DRIVE SUCCESSION LAMINATED ROOT ROT
Phellinus weirii
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PATHOGENS DRIVE SUCCESSIONTREE FREQUENCY, TSUGA
FOREST
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• PATHOGENS CHANGE FOREST STRUCTURE
• SHOESTRING ROOT ROT- WHITE TRUNK ROT
• ARMILLARIA OSTOYAE PHELLINUS TREMULAE

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RED-BROWN BUTT ROT PHAEOLUS SCHWEINITZII
HYPOXYLON CANKER HYPOXYLON MAMMATUM
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GAPS IN THE FORESTLAMINATED ROOT ROT Phellinus
weirii
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PATHOGENS CHANGE FOREST DIVERSITY
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Pathogens

• CHANGE FOREST SUCCESSION
• CHANGE FOREST STRUCTURE
• CHANGE SPECIES DIVERSITY

THE DIRECTION OF CHANGE DEPENDS ON SITE SPECIFIC
VARIABLES ON THE PATHOGENS HOST
PREFERENCES ON THE FOREST COMMUNITY ALREADY
PRESENT AND ON THE MICROENVIRONMENT.
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WHEN FORESTS GROW VERY OLD
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OLD GROWTH CHARACTERISTICS (Bolsinger and
Waddell)

• Mature and overmature trees in overstory
• Multilayered canopy with distinct age classes
• Snags and down logs
• Minimal human alteration

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STRUCTURAL PROCESSES OF OLD GROWTH (CAREY)

• Crown class differentiation
• Canopy stratification
• Understory development
• Development of habitat breadth
• Niche diversification
• DECADENCE

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STATURE OF OLD GROWTH FOREST- HEIGHT (Shaw and
Bible)
Number
Height (m)
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STATURE OF OLD GROWTH FORESTS- DIAMETER(Shaw and
Bible)
Number
Diameters (cm)
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CHANGES IN FOREST DIVERSITY (1) AND STRUCTURE (2)
WITH AGE (Spies)
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ECTOTROPHIC MYCELIUM
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LAMINATED ROOT ROT Phellinus weirii
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LAMINATED ROOT ROT IN OLD GROWTH FOREST(Childs)
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LIVING AND DEAD DOUGLAS-FIR AT THE CANOPY CRANE
(Shaw and Bible)
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LAMINATED ROOT ROT ?AT THE CANOPY CRANE
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DWARF MISTLETOE AT THE CANOPY CRANE
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HEMLOCK DWARFMISTLETOE Arceuthobium tsugense
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CONCLUSIONS

• Old growth condition product of long-term
  pathogen activity
• Structure unravels
• NEP declines and eventually becomes negative
• Stand replacing disturbance is necessary to
  restore ecosystem health

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ESA ECOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES

• ECOSYSTEMS CHANGE THROUGH TIME
• DISTURBANCES ARE IMPORTANT
• MICROSITE MATTERS
• SPECIES AND NETWORKS OF SPECIES AFFECT ECOSYSTEM
  PROCESSES
• LANDSCAPE SCALE INTERACTIONS DETERMINE STRUCTURE
  AND FUNCTION OF ECOSYSTEM