Human Memory

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Human Memory
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Part 1 Dyou remember?

• Well, it depends

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The Big Three Questions

• How does information get into memory?
• How is information maintained in memory?
• How is information pulled back out of memory?

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Encoding, Storage, Retrieval
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Encoding Getting Information Into Memory

• The role of attention
• Paying attention and the cognitive miser
• Focusing awareness
• Selective attention selection of input
• When does this happen?
• Early or Late?
• Debatable
• The Cocktail Party Effect

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Fig 7.3 Models of selective attention.
Early-selection models propose that input is
filtered before meaning is processed.
Late-selection models hold that filtering occurs
after the processing of meaning. There is
evidence to support early, late, and intermediate
selection, suggesting that the location of the
attentional filter may not be fixed.
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Levels of Processing You Down with LOP? Yeah
you know me!

• Incoming information processed at different
  levels
• Deeper processing longer lasting memory codes
• Encoding levels
• Structural shallow (what it looks like)
• Phonemic intermediate (what it sounds like)
• Semantic deep (what it means)

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Fig 7.4 Levels-of-processing theory. According
to Craik and Lockhart (1972), structural,
phonemic, and semantic encodingwhich can be
elicited by questions such as those shown on the
right involve progressively deeper levels of
processing, which should result in more durable
memories.
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Enriching Encoding Improving Memory

• Elaboration linking a stimulus to other
  information at the time of encoding
• Thinking of examples tying in previous chapters
• Visual Imagery creation of visual images to
  represent words to be remembered
• Easier for concrete objects Dual-coding theory
• Creates two codes visual and semantic
• Self-Referent Encoding
• Making information personally meaningful
• Brain structures and my Grandfather

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Please Excuse My Dear Aunt Sally (and other
memory tricks)

• Acronyms
• PEMDAS
• Method of Loci
• Groceries in my bedroom
• Peg Method
• Bacon on peg 5
• The bizarreness effect
• The talking neuron
• Check out my Soma!

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Part 2

• Keep holdin on
• Maintenance and storage in memory

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Storage Maintaining Information in Memory

• Analogy information storage in computers
  information storage in human memory
• Information-processing theories
• Subdivide memory into 3 different stores
• Sensory, Short-term, Long-term

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Fig 7.8 The Atkinson and Shiffrin model of
memory storage.
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Sensory Memory Not just for the 4th of July

• Brief preservation of information in original
  sensory form
• Auditory/Visual approximately ¼ second
• Why?
• Sparklers (or my flashlight)
• Listen. To. This. Sentence.

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Short Term Memory (STM)

• Limited capacity Millers magical number 7 plus
  or minus 2
• - How many digits are there in a telephone
  number?
• Chunking grouping familiar stimuli for storage
  as a single unit ( so that 7 / - 2 still
  applies)
• Limited duration about 20 seconds without
  rehearsal
• Rehearsal the process of repetitively
  verbalizing or thinking about the information
• Right before a test but elaborative rehearsal is
  better )

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Short-Term Memory as Working Memory

• STM not limited to phonemic encoding
• Loss of information not only due to decay
• Interference, too (think of the last example)
• Could those numbers interfere?
• 3 components of working memory
• Phonological rehearsal loop
• Visuospatial sketchpad
• Executive control system

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Long-Term Memory Unlimited Capacity

• Permanent storage?
• Flashbulb memories
• Evidence for permanence?
• The question of accuracy misinformation
• The 9-11 studies eyewitness testimony
• Debate are STM and LTM really different?
• Phonemic vs. Semantic encoding
• Decay vs. Interference based forgetting

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Part 3

• Its all coming back, its all coming back to me
  now.

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How is Knowledge Represented and Organized in
Memory?

• Clustering and Conceptual Hierarchies
• Remembering similar items in groups
• Sort of a natural chunking
• Schemas and Scripts
• Sets of abstract knowledge about an object or
  event
• -Instructors schema
• -The saying hello script
• Semantic Networks
• Connectionist Networks and PDP Models
• I like birds

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Semantic Networks

• Schblantic betworks what does all this mean?

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Retrieval Getting Information Out of Memory

• The tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon a failure in
  retrieval
• Retrieval cues the first letter of the word
• Recalling an event
• Context cues remember elementary school?
• Reconstructing memories
• Misinformation effect
• Cryptomnesia inadvertent plagiarism
• Source monitoring where did the info come from?
• reality monitoring did I think that, or did it
  really happen?

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Forgetting When Memory Lapses

• Retention the proportion of material retained
• Recall no cues
• Recognition identification out of an array or
  list
• Relearning how quickly you learn material the
  second
• time around
• Ebbinghauss Forgetting Curve
• Important Dead dude, studied his own
• memory for nonsense syllables.
• -Plotted the now famous forgetting curve

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Fig 7.18 Ebbinghauss forgetting curve for
nonsense syllables.
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Why Do We Forget?

• Ineffective Encoding - didnt get in.
• Decay theory use it or loose it
• Interference theory other info gets in the way
• Proactive previously learned info interferes
  with new info
• Retroactive new info interferes with previously
  learned info

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Fig 7.21 Retroactive and proactive
interference. Retroactive interference occurs
when learning produces a backward effect,
reducing recall of previously learned material.
Proactive interference occurs when learning
produces a forward effect, reducing recall of
subsequently learned material.
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What Words Do You Remember?
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The Physiology of Memory

• The Case of Clive Wearing