Sentence Unit

1
Sentence Unit

• CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.4.1.FProduce complete
  sentences, recognizing and correcting
  inappropriate fragments and run-ons.
• CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.4.2.CUse a comma before a
  coordinating conjunction in a compound sentence.
• CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.5.1.AExplain the function of
  conjunctions, prepositions, and interjections in
  general and their function in particular
  sentences.
• CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.5.3.AExpand, combine, and
  reduce sentences for meaning, reader/listener
  interest, and style.
• CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.L.6.3.AVary sentence patterns
  for meaning, reader/listener interest, and style.

2
Sentences

• A sentence is a word or group of words having
  a complete thought. Sentences state, ask,
  command, or exclaim something.
• 
  Sentences begin with
  capital letters and end with
  punctuation marks.

3
Lesson 1Sentence Problems

• In this lesson you will learn how to recognize
  three sentence problems
• choppy sentences
• run-on sentences
• stringy sentences

4
Sentence Problem 1
Choppy Sentences

• Choppy sentences are sentences that are too
  short. Study the next three examples.

5
Choppy Sentences

• Choppy
• Johnson County is located on the Eastern
  Continental Divide. It is in the extreme
  northeastern corner of the state. The state is
  Tennessee.
• Corrected 
• Johnson County is located on the Eastern
  Continental Divide in the extreme northeastern
  corner of Tennessee.

6
Choppy Sentences

• Choppy
• Johnson County is shaped like an ancient
  arrowhead. It is pointing in a northeastern
  direction. Johnson County borders two states.
  Virginia is to the north. North Carolina is to
  the east.

7
Choppy Sentences

• Corrected 
• Johnson County is shaped like an ancient
  arrowhead pointing in a northeastern direction.
  Virginia is to the north and North Carolina is to
  the east of the county.

8
Choppy Sentences

• Choppy
• Mountain City is the county seat. It is
  located in the center of the county. It is in a
  large valley. The valley is between the Iron and
  Stone Mountain Ranges. The Doe Mountain Range is
  to the southwest. The Dry Run Range is also to
  the southwest. The Forge Mountain Range is to the
  northeast.
• Corrected 
• Mountain City is the county seat. It is
  located in the center of the county in a large
  valley between the Iron and Stone Mountain
  Ranges. The Doe and Dry Run Ranges are to the
  southwest of Mountain City, and the Forge
  Mountain Range is to the northeast.

9
Choppy Sentences

• When several short sentences come together
  they force the reader to go slowly. This makes
  the writing seem more "elementary" than it truly
  is.

10
Run-On Sentences
Sentence Problem 2

• A run-on is when two or more sentences are
  combined without connecting words or punctuation.

11
Run-On Sentences

• Brain Pop - Movie on run-on sentences
  http//www.brainpop.com/english/grammar/runonsente
  nces/

12
Run-On Sentence

• You are looking at the side of our school most
  commonly known as the Donnelly Street side this
  portion of our school was built in 1951.

13
Corrected by Making 2 Sentences

• You are looking at the side of our school most
  commonly known as the Donnelly Street side. This
  portion of our school was built in 1951.

14
Run-On Sentence

• The county has 249,600 acres or 273 square
  miles of land the extreme dimension of Johnson
  County is 24 miles.

15
Corrected by Adding a Conjunction

• The county has 249,600 acres or 273 square
  miles of land, and the extreme dimension of
  Johnson County is 24 miles.

16
Run-On Sentence

• Johnson County has many springs and creeks the
  five major streams include Doe, Roan, Laurel
  Fork, Beaverdam, and Forge.

17
Corrected by Making a Dependent Clause

• While Johnson County has many springs and
  creeks the five major streams include Doe, Roan,
  Laurel Fork, Beaverdam, and Forge.

18
Stringy Sentences
Sentence Problem 3

• A stringy sentence is when too many clauses
  are connected with words such as and, but, so,
  and because, forming one very long sentence.
  Stringy sentences are so long the reader forgets
  the beginning of the sentence before reaching the
  end.

19
Stringy Sentence

• Watauga Lake is in the south of Johnson
  County, and it is 1,960 feet above sea level, so
  this makes Watauga Lake the highest lake in the
  Tennessee Valley Authority System, and there are
  106 miles of shoreline, and Watauga Lake is 19
  miles across.  

20
Corrected

• Watauga Lake is in the south of Johnson
  County. It is 1,960 feet above sea level. This
  makes Watauga Lake the highest lake in the
  Tennessee Valley Authority System. There are 106
  miles of shoreline.  Watauga Lake is 19 miles
  across.    

21
Stringy Sentence

• Johnson County has some rich farming land, and
  the most fertile land in the county is along the
  Little Doe and Roan Creeks, and Shady Valley also
  has some rich farming  land.

22
Corrected

• Johnson County has some rich farming land. The
  most fertile land in the county is along the
  Little Doe and Roan Creeks. Shady Valley also has
  some rich farming  land.

23
Practice with Dry Erase Boards

• Write choppy, run-on, or stringy to describe
  which sentence problem each sentence contains.

24
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• You can find 20 miles of the famous
  Appalachian Trail in Johnson County, and it comes
  into the county at  Watauga Lake and runs along
  the top of the Holston Mountain Range which is
  beautiful for hiking.

25

• stringy

26
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• Johnson County is in the Appalachian Mountain
  chain. The elevations in the county range from
  1800 to 5000 feet above sea level. The elevation
  of Mountain City is 2350 feet above sea level.
  Mountain City has a high elevation. It has the
  highest elevation of any city in Tennessee.

27

• choppy

28
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• The highest point in Johnson County is Snake
  Mountain at an elevation of 5574 feet above sea
  level Snake Mountain is located in the Stone
  Mountain Range which parallels the eastern border
  of the county.

29

• run-on

30
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• Two other prominent ranges run in a northeast
  to southwest direction through the county one is
  the Iron Mountain Range Holston Mountain Range is
  the other large range in the county.

31

• run-on

32
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• The Iron Mountain Range enters the county at
  the northern boundary line. It is next to
  Virginia. It continues through Johnson County to
  Watauga Lake. It divides Carter and Johnson
  Counties. They are divided in the southwestern
  part of the county.

33

• choppy

34
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• Three smaller ranges in our county are Dry
  Run, Doe, and Forge, and these are all between
  the Stone and Iron Mountain Ranges, and the Doe
  Mountain Range runs completely in Johnson County
  and is approximately 12 miles long.

35

• stringy

36
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• Johnson County has 167 frost free days, and
  the hottest month of the year is July which has
  an average temperature of 70.2 degrees
  Fahrenheit, and December is the coldest month,
  and the average temperature in December is 35.2
  degrees Fahrenheit.

37

• stringy

38
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• Johnson County receives 55 inches of
  precipitation annually seventeen inches of this
  is in the form of snow. The coldest recorded
  temperature in Tennessee was on December 30, 1917
  in Mountain City the temperature was minus 32
  degrees Fahrenheit.

39

• run-on

40
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• Johnson County receives a lot of
  precipitation. It receives 55 inches of
  precipitation annually. Seventeen inches of this
  is in the form of snow. The coldest recorded
  temperature in Tennessee was in Mountain City. It
  was on December 30, 1917. The temperature was
  very cold. It minus 32 degrees Fahrenheit.

41

• choppy

42
Written Practice

• Number your paper from 1 -11. Write choppy,
  run-on, or stringy to describe which sentence
  problem each sentence contains.

43
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 1. One of the earliest mined natural
  resources in this area was iron ore the early
  settlers used the iron to make weapons, tools,
  and utensils.

44
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 2. The first iron works was built in 1793 by
  Hezekiah Boon, John McEylea, and Joseph Sands,
  and the business was not successful and was sold
  to Godfrey Carriger, Jr. for the taxes that were
  owed on it.  

45
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 3. Joseph Gentry established an iron works. It
  was in 1797. He had a partner. His name was Lewis
  Wills. The iron works was on the Laurel.

46
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 4. John Dugger had a brother named William, and
  William settled in the Dry Run community, and he
  founded a forge there, and his son had two sons,
  and they were William and Abel, and they operated
  the Cranberry Iron Works for many years.

47
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 5. By 1820 eight iron works existed in what is
  now Johnson County with 106 men employed the
  profits were 20,700 with 44,750 worth of iron
  being produced.

48
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 6. By 1836 there were two iron works on Roan
  Creek. By 1836 there were two iron works on the
  Little Doe Creek. By 1836 there were two iron
  works on Laurel Fork. By 1836 there was one iron
  works on Beaverdam Creek. By 1836 there was one
  iron works on Dry Run Creek.

49
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 7. Mining brought railroads to the county in the
  late 1800s, and the first railroad tracks were
  built in 1899 by the Virginia and Southwestern
  Railroad, and they would go from Elizabethton to
  Mountain City, so by 1910 the track was completed
  not only to Mountain City but on to Shouns.

50
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 8. Tracks were later built into Shady Valley
  another track was laid along Laurel Creek to
  Goose Creek into Mountain City all the trains
  carried timber, iron ore, and manganese as well
  as passengers. When the mining industry slowed
  the railroads were used by the lumber industry
  which began to grow in the early 1900s.

51
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 9. Today the two major natural resources are sold
  in Johnson County they are the mining of
  limestone and the milling of lumber.

52
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 10. Oak is a major tree that is sawed for lumber.
  Pine is a major tree that is sawed for lumber.
  Poplar is a major tree that is sawed for lumber.
  Hickory is a major tree that is sawed for lumber.
  Maple is a major tree that is sawed for lumber.
      

53
choppy, run-on, or stringy

• 11. The Maymead Company, a limestone mine
  operation, began in 1930, and it mines 6,000 tons
  of limestone each year, and it also mines 500,000
  tons of granite annually.

54
Answer Key

1. Run-on
2. Stringy
3. Choppy
4. Stringy
5. Run-on
6. Choppy
7. Stringy
8. Run-on
9. Run-on
10. Choppy
11. Stringy

55
Lesson 2

• In this lesson you will learn how to correct
  choppy sentences that have words that are
  repeated in two or more sentences. You can
  determine this by asking, "Do adjacent sentences
  contain the same subject and/or the same verb?
  You will also learn how to combine choppy
  sentences by adding modifying words and phrases.

56
Daniel Boone

• In this lesson all the sentences will be about
  Daniel Boone.

57
Rule 1  Different Subjects Same Predicate

• When two people or things do the same thing,
  try to tell about it in one sentence.

58

• Rebecca Boone moved because she felt there were
  too many people in the area.
• Daniel Boone moved because he felt there were too
  many people in the area.
• Rebecca and Boone moved because they felt there
  were too many people in the area.

59

• If you use I as part of a combined subject, put I
  last.
• I am going hunting after dinner. Boone is going
  hunting after dinner.
• Boone and I are going hunting after dinner.

60
Rule 2  Different Predicates - Same Subject

• If you have one person doing more than one
  thing, then place the verbs in a string.

61

• Boone packed his haversack. He gathered his
  powder horn and bullet pouch. He saddled his
  horse.
• Boone packed his haversack, gathered his powder
  horn and bullet pouch, and saddled his horse.

62

• Remember if more than two things are named then
  you must use commas.
• Boone wore a fringed hunting shirt. Boone carried
  a tomahawk and a knife in his belt. Boone liked
  wearing a black felt hat.
• Boone wore a fringed hunting shirt, carried a
  tomahawk and a knife in his belt, and liked
  wearing a black felt hat.

63
Rule 3  Avoid writing sentences that repeat the
same words again and again.

• Boone thought was that if he could stand in his
  front yard and see smoke from a neighbor's
  chimney that it had become too crowded.
• Six other men thought was that if they could
  stand in their front yards and see smoke from a
  neighbor's chimney that it had become too
  crowded.
• Daniel Boone and six other men thought was that
  if they could stand in their front yards and see
  smoke from a neighbor's chimney that it had
  become too crowded.

64

• Daniel Boone was born November 2, 1734. He was
  born in a log cabin in Reading, Pennsylvania.
• Daniel Boone was born November 2, 1734 in a log
  cabin in Reading, Pennsylvania.

65
Rule 4  Sometimes one sentence will do in place
of two.

• Mama baked muffins. They were delicious.
• Mama baked delicious muffins.
• Daniel Boone was a frontiersman. He had an eye
  like an eagle and was tough as a mighty oak tree.
• Daniel Boone, a frontiersman, had an eye like an
  eagle and was tough as a mighty oak tree.

66
Rule 5  Using phrases in sentences lets you say
more with fewer words.

• When Boone was 12 years old his parents gave him
  his first rifle. Boone was already very good with
  a gun before he received this gift.
• Because Boone was very good with guns, his
  parents gave him is first rifle when he was 12.

67

• Boones parents were Quakers. They lived on a
  small farm where his family ran a blacksmith shop
  and were weavers.
• Boones Quaker family lived on a small farm where
  they ran a blacksmith shop and were weavers.

68

• Boone rarely attended school. Boone did not spend
  his time going to a school where he could learn
  to read, do math, and write. Boone worked on the
  farm and spent his time hunting.
• Instead of going to school, Boone worked on the
  farm and spent his time hunting.

69
Oral Practice
70
Correctly combine the blue sentences.

• During the French and Indian War, Boone joined
  General Edward Braddock's expedition. Boone tried
  to drive out the French from Fort Duquesne.
  Fort Duquesne is now Pittsburgh.

71
Rule 5  Using phrases in sentences lets you say
more - with less. (Fort Duquesne repeated.)

• Boone tried to drive out the French from Fort
  Duquesne. Fort Duquesne is now Pittsburgh.
• Boone tried to drive out the French from Fort
  Duquesne which is now Pittsburgh.

72
Correctly combine the following sentence.

• Braddock was ambushed. Boone was able to
  escape.

73
Rule 4  Sometimes one sentence will do in place
of two. Two choppy sentences can be made into one
by making one sentence a dependent clause.

• Braddock was ambushed. Boone was able to escape.
• When Braddock was ambushed, Boone was able to
  escape.

74
Correctly combine the following sentence.

• At age 21 Boone married Rebecca. Rebecca was
  just 17 years old.

75
Rule 3  Avoid writing sentences that repeat the
same words again and again. (Rebecca repeated.)

• At age 21 Boone married Rebecca. Rebecca was
  just 17 years old.
• At age 21 Boone married Rebecca who was just
  17 years old.

76
Correctly combine the following sentence.

• Rebecca moved because Boone felt there were
  too many people in the area. Boone moved because
  Boone felt there were too many people in the
  area.

77
Rule 1  Different Subjects Same Predicate
(moved because Boone felt there were too many
people in the area repeated.)

• Rebecca moved because Boone felt there were
  too many people in the area. Boone moved because
  Boone felt there were too many people in the
  area.
• Rebecca and Boone moved because Boone felt there
  were too many people in the area.

78
Correctly combine the following sentence.

• In 1769 Boone and Rebecca lived in the Yadkin
  Valley in North Carolina. Boone learned about the
  Watauga Country also in North Carolina from John
  Finley.

79
Rule 3  Avoid writing sentences that repeat the
same words again and again. (Boone and in North
Carolina repeated.)

• In 1769 Boone and Rebecca lived in the Yadkin
  Valley in North Carolina. Boone learned about the
  Watauga Country also in North Carolina from John
  Finley.
• In 1769 while living in the Yadkin Valley of
  North Carolina, Boone and Rebecca learned about
  the neighboring Watauga Country from John Finley.

80
Correctly combine the following sentence.

• Boone crossed the mountains. Boone followed
  the Watauga River. Boone followed an Indian trail
  called the Warriors' Path to a place now named
  Butler, Tennessee.

81
Rule 2  Different Predicates Same Subject
(Boone repeated.)

• Boone crossed the mountains. Boone followed
  the Watauga River. Boone followed an Indian trail
  called the Warriors' Path to a place now named
  Butler, Tennessee.
• Boone crossed the mountains and followed the
  Watauga River on an Indian trail called the
  Warriors' Path to a place now named Butler,
  Tennessee.

82
Correctly combine the following sentence.

• During his journey Boone came across three
  trappers. He met Julius Dugger. He met Andrew
  Greer. He met John Honeycutt.

83
Rule 3  Avoid writing sentences that repeat the
same words again and again. (He met repeated.)

• During his journey Boone came across three
  trappers. He met Julius Dugger. He met Andrew
  Greer. He met John Honeycutt.
• During his journey he came across three
  trappers Julius Dugger, Andrew Greer and John
  Honeycutt.

84
Correctly combine the following sentences.

• In the spring of 1771 Boone followed the same
  trail through a valley in East Tennessee. In the
  spring of 1771 Boone was stopped by the Cherokee
  who took all his furs and skins.

85
Rule 2  Different Predicates Same Subject
(In the spring of 1771 Boone repeated.)

• In the spring of 1771 Boone followed the same
  trail through a valley in East Tennessee. In the
  spring of 1771 Boone was stopped by the Cherokee
  who took all his furs and skins.
• In the spring of 1771 Boone followed the same
  trail through a valley in East Tennessee where he
  was stopped by the Cherokee who took all his furs
  and skins.

86
Correctly combine the following sentence.

• In the beautiful valley where he had left his
  horse to die two years earlier Boone found his
  horse. Boone saw that his horse was alive. Boone
  saw that his horse was fat and handsome. Boone
  saw that his horse had a sleek coat.

87
Rule 3  Avoid writing sentences that repeat the
same words again and again. (Boone saw that his
horse repeated.)

• In the beautiful valley where he had left his
  horse to die two years earlier Boone found his
  horse. Boone saw that his horse was alive. Boone
  saw that his horse was fat and handsome. Boone
  saw that his horse had a sleek coat.
• In the beautiful valley where he had left his
  horse to die two years earlier, Boone found his
  horse not only alive but fat and handsome with a
  sleek coat.

88
Correctly combine the following sentence.

• When the horse saw Boone he whinnied. When the
  horse saw Boone he trotted over to meet Boone.

89
Rule 2  Different Predicates - Same Subject
(When the horse saw Boone he repeated.)

• When the horse saw Boone he whinnied. When the
  horse saw Boone he trotted over to meet Boone.
• When the horse saw Boone he whinnied and
  trotted over to meet Boone.

90
Written Practice

• Number your paper from 1 -11. Write A, B, C,
  or D to choose the sentence that correctly
  combines the two sentences.

91

• Ever since then the stream through this valley
  has been called Roan Creek. It was called Roan
  Creek after Boone's horse.
• Ever since then the stream through this valley
  has been called Roan Creek because it was named
  Roan Creek after Boone's horse.
• Ever since then the stream through this valley
  has been called Roan Creek after Boone's horse.
• Because ever since then the Roan Creek stream was
  named Roan Creek because of Boones Roan horse.
• Ever since then the stream was named Roan Creek
  because Boone had a Roan horse that went through
  this valley and has been called Roan Creek after
  Boone's horse.

92

• 2. Boone made several trips back and forth to
  this area. Boone made several trips before
  settling there.
• Boone made several trips back and forth to this
  area, and Boone made several trips before
  settling there.
• Boone made several trips back and forth to this
  area, because Boone made several trips before
  settling there.
• Because Boone made several trips back and forth
  to this area, Boone made several trips before
  settling there.
• Boone made several trips back and forth to this
  area before settling there.

93

• Boone was quoted as saying you'll find, plenty
  of rich fertile soil. Boone was quoted as saying
  you'll find, an abundance of game. Boone was
  quoted as saying you'll find, timber for log
  cabins."
• Boone was quoted as saying you'll find, plenty
  of rich fertile soil, and he said youll find,
  an abundance of game, and he said youll find,
  timber for log cabins."
• Boone was quoted as saying you'll find, plenty
  of rich fertile soil, an abundance of game, and
  timber for log cabins."
• Boone was quoted as saying you'll find three
  things, plenty of rich fertile soil, and youll
  find, an abundance of game, and youll find,
  timber for log cabins.
• Boone was quoted as saying you'll find, plenty
  of rich fertile soil, youll also see, an
  abundance of game, and youll see, timber for
  log cabins."

94
Practice

• 4. Boone chose a site by the Kentucky River for a
  fort. Boone built the fort in 1775.
• In 1775 Boone chose a site by the Kentucky River
  to build a fort.
• Boone chose a site by the Kentucky River for a
  fort, and Boone built the fort in 1775.
• Boone built the fort in 1775, where Boone chose a
  site by the Kentucky River for a fort.
• Boone chose a site in 1775 by the Kentucky River
  for a fort, and he built the fort in 1775.

95
Practice

• 5. In 1778 Boone was captured by Shawnee
  Indians. In 1778 the Shawnee took Boone to their
  village north of the Ohio River.
• In 1778 Boone was captured by Shawnee Indians
  where they took him in 1778 to their Shawnee
  village north of the Ohio River.
• In 1778 Boone was captured by Shawnee Indians,
  and in 1778 they took him to their Shawnee
  village north of the Ohio River.
• In 1778 Boone was captured by Shawnee Indians,
  and the Shawnee took him in 1778 to their village
  north of the Ohio River.
• In 1778 Boone was captured by Shawnee Indians,
  who took him to their village north of the Ohio
  River.

96
Practice

• 6. Shawnee Chief Blackfish adopted Boone into the
  tribe. Shawnee Chief Blackfish treated Boone as a
  son.
• Shawnee Chief Blackfish adopted Boone into the
  tribe, and Shawnee Chief Blackfish treated Boone
  as a son.
• When Boone was adopted by Shawnee Chief Blackfish
  into the tribe, Shawnee Chief Blackfish treated
  Boone as a son.
• Shawnee Chief Blackfish adopted Boone into the
  tribe where he treated Boone as a son.
• Shawnee Chief Blackfish treated Boone as a son
  when Shawnee Chief Blackfish adopted Boone into
  the tribe.

97
Practice

• 7. One day Boone heard a war party was going to
  attack Boonesborough. Boone escaped to
  Boonesborough to warn his friends.
• When Boone heard a war party was going to attack
  Boonesborough, he escaped to warn his friends.
• One day when Boone heard a war party was going to
  attack Boonesborough, Boone escaped to
  Boonesborough to warn his friends.
• Because Boone heard a war party was going to
  attack Boonesborough, Boone escaped to warn his
  friends in Boonesborough.
• Since Boone heard a war party was going to attack
  Boonesborough, Boone escaped the war party to
  warn his friends in Boonesborough.

98
Practice

• 8. After the warning the men in Boonesborough
  of the Shawnee war party, the men prepared for
  the attack by making the fort stronger. After the
  warning the women in Boonesborough of the Shawnee
  war party, the women prepared for the attack by
  storing extra food and water inside the fort.
• After warning the people in Boonesborough of the
  Shawnee war party the men prepared for the
  Shawnee attack by making the fort stronger, and
  the women prepared for the Shawnee attack by
  storing extra food and water inside the fort.
• After warning the people in Boonesborough of the
  Shawnee war party the men prepared by making the
  fort stronger, and the women prepared by storing
  extra food and water inside the fort.
• After the warning the men in Boonesborough of the
  Shawnee war party they prepared for the attack by
  making the fort stronger, and after a warning to
  the women they prepared for the attack by storing
  extra food and water inside the fort.

99
Practice

• 9. The Shawnee began to dig a tunnel under the
  fort. When the men in the fort saw the Shawnee
  were digging a tunnel under the fort they built a
  tunnel too. The men in the fort planned to meet
  the Indians in the middle through the tunnel.
• The Shawnee began to dig a tunnel under the fort.
  When the men in the fort saw this they built a
  tunnel too, so they could meet the Indians in the
  middle.
• The Shawnee began to dig a tunnel under the fort.
  When the men in the fort saw the Shawnee were
  digging a tunnel under the fort they built a
  tunnel too, because the men in the fort planned
  to meet the Indians in the middle through the
  tunnel.
• The Shawnee began to dig a tunnel under the fort.
  When the men in the fort saw the Shawnee were
  building a tunnel they built a tunnel too, so
  they could meet the Indians in the tunnel in the
  middle.

100
Practice

• 10. Then the Indians started shooting flaming
  arrows into the fort. Luckily rain came. The rain
  not only put out the fires but caved in the
  Indians' tunnel. With this defeat Blackfish left.
  
• Luckily rain came, and when the rain came not
  only did the rain put out the fires but the rain
  caved in the Indians' tunnel.
• Luckily rain came and the rain not only put out
  the fires but the rain caved in the Indians'
  tunnel.
• Luckily when the rain came, it not only put out
  the fires but caved in the Indians' tunnel.
• It was lucky that the rain came. Because when the
  rain came the rain not only put out the fires but
  caved in the Indians' tunnel.

101
Practice

• 11. Daniel Boone was a brave pioneer. He was a
  folk hero.
• Daniel Boone was a brave pioneer, and he was also
  a folk hero.
• Being a folk hero also made Daniel Boone a brave
  pioneer.
• Daniel Boone was a brave, and a pioneer, and he
  was also a folk hero.
• Folk hero, Daniel Boone, was a brave pioneer.

102
Answer Key

• B
• D
• B
• A
• D
• C
• A
• B
• A
• C
• D

103
Lesson 3

• In this lesson you will learn how to combine
  choppy sentences by using these two methods
• Making a compound sentence (combining related
  sentences with a comma and a coordinating
  conjunction)
• Making a complex sentence (combining related
  sentences by adding a subordinating conjunction
  to make one sentence a dependent clause)

104
Four Types of Sentences
105
Simple Sentences

• A simple sentence, also called an independent
  clause, contains a subject and a verb, and it
  expresses a complete thought.
• At first Johnson County was part of the colony of
  North Carolina.
• North Carolina was called the Cherokee Territory.
  
• In 1776 Johnson County became part of Washington
  County.

106
Compound Sentence

• A compound sentence is made up of two simple
  sentences called independent clauses joined by a
  coordinating conjunction (for, and, nor, but, or,
  yet, or so) and a comma or by a semicolon alone.

107

• Two Simple Sentences
• Washington County was under North Carolina rule.
• It was named in honor of George Washington.
• One Compound Sentence
• Washington County was under North Carolina rule,
  and it was named in honor of George Washington.

108

• Review
• What part of speech are the words and, but, and
  so?
• What part of speech are the words What! No! Hey!
  and Oh! ?

109
The FANBOYS

• for shows logical consequence it has the same
  meaning as because, the reason why
• and shows addition it has the same meaning as in
  addition, along with
• nor shows addition of a negative point
• but shows contrast it has the same meaning as
  however, except, on the other hand
• or shows choice
• yet shows contrast
• so shows logical consequence it has the same
  meaning as as a result, therefore

110
More Compound Sentences

• Two Simple Sentences
• In 1784 the settlers declared their freedom from
  North Carolina.
• The counties of Sullivan, Washington, Greene, and
  Davidson broke away to form a new state.
• One Compound Sentence
• In 1784 the settlers declared their freedom from
  North Carolina, and the counties of Sullivan,
  Washington, Greene, and Davidson broke away to
  form a new state.

111
More Compound Sentences

• Two Simple Sentences
• They named this new state Franklin.
• They wanted to honor Benjamin Franklin.
• One Compound Sentence
• They named this new state Franklin, for they
  wanted to honor Benjamin Franklin.

112
Complex Sentence

• A complex sentence combines a dependent clause
  with an independent clause. A complex sentence
  always has a subordinating conjunction such as
  because, since, after, although, or when.

113
Complex Sentence

• Two Simple Sentences
• The population of Johnson County grew after the
  American Revolution.
• Ex-soldiers were given land grants as a reward
  for fighting for independence from England.
• Turned into One Complex Sentence
• Because ex-soldiers were given land grants as a
  reward for fighting for independence from
  England, the population of Johnson County grew
  after the American Revolution.
• The population of Johnson County grew after the
  American Revolution because ex-soldiers were
  given land grants as a reward for fighting for
  independence from England.

114
Special Note

• When the dependent clause is placed before the
  independent clause, the two clauses are divided
  by a comma otherwise, no punctuation is
  necessary.

115
Complex Sentence

• Two Simple Sentences
• North Carolina refused to recognize Franklin's
  independence.
• The state collapsed in 1788.
• Turned into One Complex Sentence
• Since North Carolina refused to recognize
  Franklin's independence, the state collapsed in
  1788.
• The state collapsed since North Carolina refused
  to recognize Franklin's independence.

116
Compound Complex Sentences

• A compound-complex sentence is comprised of at
  least two independent clauses and one or more
  dependent clauses.

117
Conjunctions

• Brain Pop - Movie on conjunctions
• http//www.brainpop.com/english/grammar/conjunctio
  ns/

118

• Review
• A phrase is the same as a sentence fragment, and
  words must be added to make a complete sentence
  called an independent clause.
• A clause contains a subordinating conjunction and
  needs to be connected to an independent clause.

119

• Oral Practice

120
Make a compound sentence from the two simple
sentences.

• In 1794 the population of the Tennessee
  territory had grown to 77,000.
• At this point it was eligible to apply for
  statehood.

121

• In 1794 the population of the Tennessee
  territory had grown to 77,000, so at this point
  it was eligible to apply for statehood.

122
Make a compound sentence from the two simple
sentences.

• On June 1, 1796 Tennessee was admitted to the
  union.
• It became the 16th state.

123

• On June 1, 1796 Tennessee was admitted to the
  union, and it became the 16th state.

124
Make a compound sentence from the two simple
sentences.

• John Sevier was the only governor of the State
  of Franklin.
• He became the first Governor of the new state
  of Tennessee.

125

• John Sevier was the only governor of the State
  of Franklin, and he became the first Governor of
  the new state of Tennessee.

126
Make a compound sentence from the two simple
sentences.

• In 1796 Tennessee became a recognized state.
• At this time Johnson County was a part of
  Carter County.

127

• In 1796 Tennessee became a recognized state,
  and at this time Johnson County was a part of
  Carter County.

128
Make a complex sentence from the two simple
sentences.

• In 1835 Joseph Powell introduced the idea of a
  separate county to the senate.
• They accepted the suggestion.
• Note Use a subordinating conjunction such as
  when, as soon as, or now that.

129

• When in 1835 Joseph Powell introduced the idea
  of a separate county to the senate, they accepted
  the suggestion.

130
Make a complex sentence from the two simple
sentences.

• Johnson County was named after Thomas Johnson.
  
• He was one of its oldest settlers in the
  county.
• Note Use a subordinating conjunction such as
  since or because.

131

• Johnson County was named after Thomas Johnson
  because he was one of its oldest settlers in the
  county.
• Because he was one of its oldest settlers in
  the county, Johnson County was named after Thomas
  Johnson.

132
Make a complex sentence from the two simple
sentences.

• The house of the late Thomas Johnson was used
  as the courthouse.
• One could be built.
• Note Use a subordinating conjunction such as
  until, while or as.

133

• The house of the late Thomas Johnson was used
  as the courthouse until one would be built.
• Until one could be built, the house of the
  late Thomas Johnson was used as the courthouse

134

• Written Practice

135
Instructions

• You will be given four sets of simple sentences
  to combine. You may combine them into compound or
  complex sentences however, you must try using
  both methods. You must have at least one compound
  and one complex sentence.

136
1. Turn these two simple sentences into a
compound or complex sentence.

• East Tennessee was historically a Republican
  area.
• Most men here sided with the Union.

137
2. Turn these two simple sentences into a
compound or complex sentence.

• Johnson County sent a company to unite with
  the 13th Tennessee Volunteer Cavalry.
• They fought for the Union.

138
3. Turn these two simple sentences into a
compound or complex sentence.

• There were no major battles fought in Johnson
  County.
• There were conflicts which resulted in some
  fighting.

139
4. Turn these two simple sentences into a
compound or complex sentence.

• The war was over.
• Many men were able to return home and settle
  their differences with their neighbors.

140

• 5. What is the best way to revise the following
  sentence?
• Taylorsville was renamed Mountain City because
  it was in one of the highest valleys in
  Tennessee.
• Taylorsville was renamed Mountain City, because
  it was in one of the highest valleys in
  Tennessee.
• Because it was in one of the highest valleys in
  Tennessee Taylorsville was renamed Mountain City.
• Taylorsville was renamed Mountain City, so it was
  in one of the highest valleys in Tennessee.
• Taylorsville was renamed Mountain City because it
  was in one of the highest valleys in Tennessee.

141

• 6. What is the best way to combine the following
  sentence?
• Smith's Mill was renamed Butler. This was in
  honor of Roderick Random Butler.
• Smith's Mill was renamed Butler in honor of
  Roderick Random Butler.
• Smith's Mill was renamed Butler this was in honor
  of Roderick Random Butler.
• Smith's Mill was renamed Butler, and this was in
  honor of Roderick Random Butler.
• Because Smith's Mill was renamed Butler, it was
  to honor of Roderick Random Butler.

142

• 7. What is the best way to combine the following
  sentence?
• Flooding destroyed large portions of the
  railroad track in 1940. The track was not
  replaced and the railroad no longer traveled
  through the county.
• Flooding destroyed large portions of the railroad
  track in 1940, so the track was not replaced and
  the railroad no longer traveled through the
  county.
• Flooding destroyed large portions of the railroad
  track in 1940, but the track was not replaced and
  the railroad no longer traveled through the
  county.
• After flooding destroyed large portions of the
  railroad track in 1940, the track was not
  replaced and the railroad no longer traveled
  through the county.
• Because flooding destroyed large portions of the
  railroad track in 1940 the track was not replaced
  and the railroad no longer traveled through the
  county.

143
Answer Key

• 1-4 Answers will vary.
• 5. D
• 6. A
• 7. C

144
Lesson 4

• In this lesson you will learn how to recognize
  and correct run-on sentences.
• A run-on sentence is two or more sentences that
  are incorrectly written as one sentence.
• The length of the sentence has nothing to do with
  it being a run-on sentence.

145

• There are four methods for correcting run-on
  sentences.
• Add an end mark to form two sentences.
• Add a comma and a coordinating conjunction.
• Add a subordinating conjunction to make one
  sentence a dependent clause.
• Add a semi-colon.

146
The first is to simply make two sentences.

• IncorrectJohnson County is in the northeastern
  corner of Tennessee it sees the first sunrise
  each morning.
• Correct Johnson County is in the northeastern
  corner of Tennessee. It sees the first sunrise
  each morning.

147
The second method for correcting run-on sentences
is linking the sentences or clauses with a
conjunction. (The seven coordinating conjunctions
are easy to remember by the acronym FANBOYS For,
And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, and So.) IncorrectThe
Cherokee National Forest is in Johnson County it
has miles of untamed hiking trails. CorrectThe
Cherokee National Forest is in Johnson County, so
it has miles of untamed hiking trails. 
148
The third method for correcting run-on sentences
is joining the two clauses with a semicolon. Use
a semicolon to join clauses when the ideas are
closely connected and need no transition word to
explain the connection between them. The
semicolon, as used here, is the grammatical
equivalent of a period.

• IncorrectTrade is the oldest town in Johnson
  County the first setters traded here with the
  Native Americans.
• Correct Trade is the oldest town in Johnson
  County the first setters traded here with the
  Native Americans.

149
The fourth method for correcting run-on sentences
is by making one of the clauses dependent by
adding words such as since, which, that,
although, because, or while.

• Incorrect
• You may drive into Mountain City on several
  highways you will enjoy scenic mountain views
  from any direction you come.
• Correct
• Even though you may drive into Mountain City
  on several highways, you will enjoy scenic
  mountain views from any direction you come.

150
Subordinating Conjunctions
after because that where
although before thought wherever
as even though unless which
as if if until while
as long as once what who
as soon as since whatever however
as though so that whenever  
151
Things to Remember

• A run-on sentence is two or more sentences that
  are incorrectly written as one sentence.
• The length of the sentence has nothing to do with
  it being a run-on sentence.
• There are four methods for correcting run-on
  sentences. They are
• Making separate sentences.
• Linking the sentences or clauses with a
  coordinating conjunction. (The seven coordinating
  conjunctions are easy to remember by the acronym
  FANBOYS For, And, Nor, But, Or, Yet, and So.)
• Joining the two clauses with a semicolon.
• Making one of the clauses a dependent by adding
  subordinating conjunctions such as since, which,
  that, although, because, or while.

152
IncorrectJohnson County is in the northeastern corner of Tennessee it sees the first sunrise each morning. Correct Johnson County is in the northeastern corner of Tennessee. It sees the first sunrise each morning.
IncorrectThe Cherokee National Forest is in Johnson County it has miles of untamed hiking trails. CorrectThe Cherokee National Forest is in Johnson County, so it has miles of untamed hiking trails.
IncorrectTrade is the oldest town in Johnson County the first setters traded here with the Native Americans. Correct Trade is the oldest town in Johnson County the first setters traded here with the Native Americans.
Incorrect You may drive into Mountain City on several highways you will enjoy scenic mountain views from any direction you come. CorrectEven though you may drive into Mountain City on several highways, you will enjoy scenic mountain views from any direction you come.
153

• Oral Practice
• Correct the following run-on sentences using each
  of the four methods.
• Note you must change the some words for some of
  the sentences to make sense.

154

• The Tennessee Valley Authority built Watauga
  Dam in the 1940s the reason it was built was to
  control flooding.

155
Two Sentences

• The Tennessee Valley Authority built Watauga
  Dam in the 1940s. The reason it was built was to
  control flooding.

156
Compound Sentences

• The Tennessee Valley Authority built Watauga
  Dam in the 1940s, so they could control flooding.

157
Semi-Colon

• The Tennessee Valley Authority built Watauga
  Dam in the 1940s the reason it was built was to
  control flooding.

158
Complex Sentence

• Because they needed to control flooding, the
  Tennessee Valley Authority built Watauga Dam in
  the 1940s.

159

• Written Practice

160
1. Correct this run-on sentence by using a
semi-colon.

• The Butler Bridge was built in 1948 it won
  awards for its beauty.

161
2. Correct this run-on sentence by making a
compound sentence.

• Five streams in Johnson County are stocked by
  the Tennessee Wildlife Resources Agency between
  March and June fishermen have about 230 stream
  miles to try their luck.

162
3. Correct this run-on sentence by making two
sentences.

• Approximately twenty-six percent of the
  county lays in national forests the Cherokee
  National Forest provides 715 miles of hiking,
  horse, bicycle, motorcycle, and off-road vehicle
  trails.

163
4. Correct this run-on sentence by making a
complex sentence.

• Mining took most of the trees in Johnson
  County people began turning to agriculture to
  earn a living.