Grammar Unit

1
Grammar Unit

• English 9

2
Parts of Speech

• Definition a way of categorizing words in
  isolation
• Eight
• Noun
• Pronoun
• Verb
• Adverb
• Adjective
• Conjunction
• Preposition
• Interjection

3
Sentence Parts

• Definition a way of identifying words in
  sentences based on their function or relationship
  to other words in the same sentence
• Every word is NOT a sentence part!

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Step 1

• Identify prepositional phrases

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Prepositional Phrases

• Preposition Object of Preposition (noun or
  pronoun that follows the preposition)
• Position word
• Shows the position (relationship) of one object
  to another

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Slot Test for Prepositions

• The bird flew __________ the clouds.

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Slot Test for Prepositions

• It must answer a question
• Example of a prepositional phrase
• I went by the store.
• By what? The store.
• Therefore, by the store is a prepositional phrase
• Non-example
• I went by and bought some food.
• By what? There is no answer.
• Therefore, there is no prepositional phrase!

8
Rules of Prepositions

• Subject/verb pairs are NEVER found in a
  prepositional phrase.
• The words of and with are ALWAYS prepositions (if
  used correctly)
• To find subject/verb pairs, simplify sentences by
  identifying and eliminating all prepositional
  phrases

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Generate Preposition List

• Complete Prepositions Worksheet 1
• Fill words into your preposition list in your
  Grammar Notes packet

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Step 2

• Identify the verb

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Verbs

• Three types
• helping verbs
• linking verbs
• action verbs

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Linking Verbs

• Do NOT show action
• Link the subject with a noun or pronoun
• Link the subject with an adjective (describing
  word)

OR
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Linking Verbs

• Example sentences
• His mother is an accountant.
• links mother and accountant
• The winners of the game were they.
• Links winners and they
• Mary became sick after the high jump.
• links Mary and sick

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Linking Verbs

• State of being verbs
• Differing forms of to be
• is
• am
• are
• was
• were
• be
• being
• been

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Linking Verbs

• Verbs that are ALWAYS linking verbs
• To be (is, am, are, was, were, be, being, been)
• To seem
• To become

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Linking Verbs

• Verbs that are sometimes linking verbs
• To feel
• To taste
• To look
• To smell
• To sound
• To grow
• To remain
• To appear
• To stay

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Linking Verbs

• Replacement Test
• To check if a verb is serving as a linking verb,
  replace it with a form of to be.
• If the sentence makes sense and the meaning is
  not changed, the verb is a linking verb!
• Example
• Joe smelled stinky.
• Joe was stinky.

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Linking Verbs

• Flip-Flop Test

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Helping Verbs

• Help with creating tense
• Examples of helping verbs

is be had should must
am being do would can
are been does could shall
was has did may
were have will might
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Helping Verbs

• Example sentences
• I may go to the store today.
• She did not tell him about the test.
• I shall wait until dark.

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Action Verbs

• expressing action - something that a person,
  animal, force of nature, or thing can do
• Examples
• I jumped over a toad and landed on a frog.
• Our teacher gave us a huge test today.
• Jimmy thought about his project.

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Step 3

• Identifying the subject

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Subject/Verb Pairs and Prepositional Phrases

• Identify the subject and verb of the following
  sentence
• From the dark of the night came the screams of
  the young girl.

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Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs

• Remember, you NEVER find a subject/verb pair in a
  prepositional phrase!
• First step
• Cross off all prepositional phrases (PP)
• From the dark of the night came the screams of
  the young girl.

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Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs

• From the dark of the night came the screams of
  the young girl.
• Whats left?
• came the screams

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Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs

• 2nd Step Locate the verb
• Remember verbs are action, linking or helping
• Verbs indicate tense
• Past, present and future
• Which word would change the tense of the
  sentence?
• came?
• the?
• screams?

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Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs

• 3rd Step Locate the verb
• Example
• From the dark of the night came the screams of
  the young girl.
• came is the verb!

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Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs

• Locate the subject
• Ask who/what verb?
• Who/what came?
• From the dark of the night came the screams of
  the young girl.

Verb
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Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs

• Who/what came?
• The screams came.
• Therefore, screams is the subject
• From the dark of the night came the screams of
  the young girl.

Verb
Subject
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Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs

• Keep in mind
• Subjects MUST indicate number
• One or more than one
• In our example
• From the dark of the night came the screams of
  the young girl.
• screams is plural

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Imperative Sentences

• Identify the subject/verb pair
• Example
• Take the roast from the oven.

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Imperative Sentences

• Identifying the subject/verb pair
• Example
• Take the roast from the oven.
• Has anyone ever seen a roast take something out
  of the oven?
• NO? So who/what is the subject?

33
Imperative Sentences

• Its YOU!
• Imperative sentences are commands.
• Therefore, the understood subject is you

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Imperative Sentences

• Is the following example an imperative sentence?
• Example
• Mark, leave the room immediately!

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Imperative Sentences

• Yes, it is.
• Mark is a noun of address
• Mark is not the subject
• Notice the comma following the name
• This indicates that Mark is not the subject, just
  a means of getting his attention

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Subject/Verb Patterns

• Complete Subject/Verb Pairs Worksheet 1 and 2

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Sentence Patterns

• English language has six basic patterns
• S-V
• S-(a)V-DO
• S-(a)V-IO-DO
• S-(l)V-PN
• S-(l)V-PA
• V-S (inverted sentence)

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Sentence Patterns

• Legend
• Ssubject
• Vverb
• (a)Vaction verb
• (l)V-linking verb
• DOdirect object
• IOindirect object
• PNpredicate noun
• PApredicate adjective

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Sentence Patterns

• Practice identifying sentence patterns using
  previous prepositional phrase exercises

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Direct Objects

• Always follow an action verb and receive the
  action of the verb.
• Verb who or what?

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Direct Objects

• Example
• I throw the eraser.
• Follow the steps (strategies)
• 1. Any prepositional phrases?
• 2. Verb?
• 3. Subject?
• 4. If action verb - Direct Object?

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Direct Objects

• Example
• I throw the eraser.
• Follow the steps (strategies)
• 1. Any prepositional phrases? none
• 2. Verb? throw
• 3. Subject? Who throws? I
• 4. Type of verb? action Direct Object? (If there
  is an action verb) eraser

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Direct Objects

• Complete DO Practice 1 to find direct objects.
• Also, identify sentence patterns for each
  sentence.

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Indirect Objects

• Always fall between an action verb and a direct
  object.
• An IO receives the DO.
• Look for a noun or pronoun in between the action
  verb and the direct object.
• Make sure it RECEIVES the DO!

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Indirect Objects

• Example
• I throw Ben the eraser.
• Follow the steps (strategies)
• 1. Any prepositional phrases? none
• 2. Verb? throw
• 3. Subject? Who throws? I
• 4. What type of verb? action
• Direct Object? eraser
• 5. Indirect Object?

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Indirect Objects

• Example
• I throw Ben the eraser.
• Follow the steps (strategies)
• 1. Any prepositional phrases? none
• 2. Verb? throw
• 3. Subject? Who throws? I
• 4. Type of verb? action
• Direct Object? eraser
• 5. Indirect Object? Ben

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Indirect Objects

• Does the following sentence have an indirect
  object?
• Example
• I throw the eraser to Ben.

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Indirect Objects

• Does the following sentence have an indirect
  object? NO!
• Example
• DO
• I throw the eraser to Ben.

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Indirect Objects

• Use IO Practice 1 to find indirect objects.
• Identify sentence patterns.
• All sentences with IOs should be
• S-V-IO-DO.

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Direct Objects and Inidirect Objects

• Use DO and IO Practice 1 to find direct objects
  and indirect objects.
• Identify sentences patterns.
• You should NEVER find an IO following a DO!
• Some sentences will not have DOs.

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Predicate Nouns

• Always follow a linking verb and equal or rename
  the subject.

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Predicate Nouns

• Example
• I am a teacher in this classroom.
• Follow steps
• 1. prepositional phrases?
• 2. verb?
• 3. subject?
• 4. Type of verb? linking predicate noun?
• Notice we have changed to a LINKING VERB!

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Predicate Nouns

• Example
• I am a teacher in this classroom.
• Follow steps
• 1. prepositional phrases? in this classroom
• 2. verb? am
• 3. subject? Who is? I
• 4. Type of verb? linking
• predicate noun? Is the sentence saying that I
  teacher?
• Yes! Therefore, teacher is the predicate noun.

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Predicate Nouns

• Example
• PN
• My dad is the track coach at school.
• dad coach
• PN
• Julie is the best volleyball player on the team.
• Julie player

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Predicate Nouns

• A sentence may contain a compound predicate noun
• Example
• PN PN
• My best subjects are history and math.

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Predicate Nouns

• Complete Predicate Nouns Practice 1 and 2
• Identify the sentence patterns.

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Predicate Adjectives

• Follows a linking verb and describes the subject

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Predicate Adjectives

• Example
• I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team.
• Follow the steps
• Prepositional phrase?
• Verb?
• Subject?
• Type of verb? linking
• Predicate Noun? none
• Predicate adjective?

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Predicate Adjectives

• Example
• I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team.
• Follow the steps
• Prepositional phrase? about the loss, of my
  favorite team
• Verb? am
• Subject? Who is? I
• Type of verb? linking
• Predicate Noun? none
• Predicate adjective? unhappy

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Predicate Adjectives

• Remember, some linking verbs deal with the
  senses.
• If the verb can be replaced with is or are, it is
  being used as a linking verb
• Example
• The peanuts taste salty.
• The peanuts are salty.

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Predicate Adjectives

• Example
• My dog is brown.
• Follow steps
• Prepositional phrase?
• Verb?
• Subject?
• Type of verb? linking
• Predicate noun? none
• Predicate adjective?

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Predicate Adjectives

• Example
• PA
• My dog is brown.
• PA
• The shorts in the closet are blue.

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Predicate Adjectives

• Complete Predicate Adjectives Practice 1 and 2
• Identify sentence patterns

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Noun Functions

• How a noun is used in a sentence
• Five functions
• Object of a preposition
• A subject
• A direct object
• An indirect object
• As a predicate noun

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Noun Functions

• Complete Predicate Adjectives/Noun Functions
  Practice 1
• Identify sentence patterns

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Noun Functions

• Complete Noun Functions Practice 1 and 2
• Identify sentence patterns

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Adjectives

• Modifies nouns or pronouns
• a, an, and the are ALWAYS adjectives
• Nouns must follow them
• Sometimes other adjectives or adverbs may follow
  too
• ALL possessive pronouns and possessive words
  function as adjectives

68
Adjectives

• Example
• The green bananas were hanging from the damaged
  apple tree.
• Follow steps
• Prepositional phrases?
• Verb?
• Subject?
• Type of verb?
• DO?
• Identify nouns and pronouns (OP, S, DO, IO, PN)
  and find words modifying them.

69
Adjectives

• Example
• The green bananas were hanging from the damaged
  apple tree.
• Follow steps
• Prepositional phrases? from the damaged apple
  tree
• Verb? were hanging
• Subject? What was hanging? bananas
• Type of verb? action
• DO? Were hanging what? Were hanging what? No DO.
• Noun/pronoun modifiers? the green, the damaged,
  apple

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Adjectives

• Example
• adj adj HV AV
• The green bananas were hanging from
• adj adj adj PO
• the damaged apple tree.

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Adverbs

• Modify everything that is not a noun or pronoun
• Modify adjectives, adverbs and verbs
• Words ending in ly are adverbs, but not all
  adverbs end in ly
• The only way to be sure is to ID the word being
  modified!
• Tell where, when, how much, and to what extent

72
Adverbs

• Example
• I was very distraught about the loss of my
  friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.
• Follow the steps
• Prepositional phrases?
• Verb?
• Subject?
• Type of verb? DO? Or PN or PA?
• Adjectives?
• Adverbs?

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Adverbs

• Example
• I was very distraught about the loss of my
  friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.
• Follow the steps
• Prepositional phrases? about the loss, of my
  friendly brother, in the extremely violent storm
• Verb? was
• Subject? Who was? I
• Type of verb? linking DO? No, not an AV Or PN or
  PA? PA distraught (describes I)
• Adjectives? the, my, friendly, the, violent
• Adverbs? very, extremely

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Adjectives and Adverbs

• Complete Adjective and Adverbs Practice 1
• Identify sentence patterns.

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Conjunctions

• Connect elements
• Two types
• Coordinate connect like elements, two phrases,
  two clauses, two sentences, two sentence parts
• and, but, for, nor, yet, so, or
• Subordinate subordinate one element to another
• before, after, because, if, when (just a few)