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Ornithology

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Most bird communities or faunas are mosaics of species of various ages from various historical backgrounds ... (leaping or gliding) Vigilence Migration, etc ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: Ornithology


1
Ornithology
  • Basic Characteristics, Evolution of Birds, Form
    and Function,

2
Intro/Basic Characteristics
3
What are birds?
  • Taxonomy
  • Kingdom Animalia
  • Phylum Chordata
  • Class Aves

4
Characteristics
  • Bipedal
  • Feathers (diagnostic)
  • Insulation
  • Lift and thrust
  • Toothless bills covered with horny sheath
  • Wings
  • Ability to fly

5
Characteristics (cont.)
  • Adaptations associated with flight
  • Skeleton
  • Musculature
  • Physiology
  • Reproductive system
  • CNS
  • etc

6
Adaptive Radiations (within adaptive radiations)
  • Evolution of ecological diversity within a
    rapidly multiplying lineage (Schluter, 2000)
  • 150-160 MYA
  • gt10,000 species extant
  • Fraction of what has existed

7
  • Ur bird ancestor

8
Hawaiian Honeycreepers
  • Radiations within smaller groups
  • Radiation in body parts

9
A note on Avian Classification
  • Imprint of Linneaus 1758
  • Binomial nomenclature
  • Upupa epops
  • Standard English Names (Common Name)
  • In NA, both established by AOU

Kingdom Phylum Class Order From Genus species
species
Genus
10
Classification of three species of woodpeckers
Taxon Downy Woodpecker Hairy Woodpecker Northern Flicker
Class Aves Aves Aves
Order Piciformes Piciformes Piciformes
Family Picidae Picidae Picidae
Genus Picoides Picoides Colaptes
Species pubescens villosus auratus
11
Current Classification
  • 29 orders
  • 187 Families
  • 2000 Genera
  • 10000 species
  • Rapidly changing

12
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13
Interesting biogeograpy
  • Each faunal region has its characteristic birds
    endemics

14
Biogeography (cont.)
Regions Endemic (non-passerines) Representative Family Radiation
Holarctic Incl. Nearctic and Palearctic Loons, (Gaviidae) Auks (Alcidae) Accentors (Prunellidae) NW warblers (Parulidae) OW warblers (Sylviidae)
Neotropical Rheas (Rheidae) Sunbittern (Eurypygidae) Motmots (Momotidae) Hummingbirds (Trochilidae) Tyrant-flycatchers (Tyrannidae)
Ethiopian Ostrich (Struthionidae) Turacos (Musophagidae) Woodhoopoes (Phoeniculidae) Larks (Alaudidae) Sunbirds (Nectariniidae)
Oriental None Leafbirds (Irenidae) Pheasants (Phasianidae) Flowerpeckers (Dicaeidae)
Australasian Emus (Dromiceidae) Kiwis (Apterygidae) Monarch-flycatchers (Monarchidae) Birds-of-paradise (Paradisaeidae)
15
Biogeography (cont.)
  • Most bird communities or faunas are mosaics of
    species of various ages from various historical
    backgrounds
  • factors affecting species richness

Immigration / Invasion
Stochastic extinction events
Regional Bird Community
Local Bird Community
Speciation
Habitat selection
Competitive exclusion
From Ricklefs and Miller, 2000
Mass extinction events
Predatory exclusion
16
1998
17
Evolution of Birds
18
Note on Phylogenetics
  • Phylogenetics History of the evolution of a
    group
  • Cladistics defining groups based on shared
    characteristics not found in ancestors (derived)
  • Cladogram tree-like hypothesis of the
    hierarchical evolutionary relationships of a group

A
C
D
E
F
OTUs Tips Nodes Branches Extinct
taxa Speciation Reading the tree
B
time
19
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20
Based on shared, derived characteristics
21
middle ear bones
22
Diversity of Birds100,000 species!
  • - Heritable variation in a population due to
    mutation
  • - Some variation leads to differential
    reproductive success (if expressed)

Pg 47
  • Due to
  • Phyletic evolution
  • Cladistic evolution (speciation)
  • Extinction termination of a lineage

b
a
c
c
b
c
b
d
b
Time
a
a
a
a
23
Shared, derived characters with anything?
24
Other features?
  • Nucleated RBCs
  • Scales
  • Ankle in tarsal bones (not between long bones and
    tarsals)
  • Bipedal (theropods)
  • Yolked, polar, cleidoic egg
  • Females are heterogametic
  • etc

25
Link Between Birds and Reptiles
  • Lots of morphological, behavioral and
    physiological similarity between Reptiles and
    Birds.
  • Which reptiles???

26
Founding of Archaeopteryx
  • Lithograph Quarrymen Jurassic limestone
  • Single feather impression 1861, Bavarian Quarry
  • Complete skeletal impression Few months later
  • 2nd complete skeleton 1877, quarry near
    Eichstatt, Germany
  • Herman von Meyer
  • Archaeopteryx lithographica

27
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28
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29
Archaeopteryx
  • Debates
  • Support of Darwinian evolution
  • Darwin predicted transitional fossils in 1859
  • one of the best links between two taxa
    (Feduccia, Ostrom, etc.)
  • Creation / Evolution debate (pg 27)
  • Evolution of feathers (flight or insulation
    first?)
  • Evolution of homeothermy in birds
  • Evolution of flight
  • Ground-up vs. Trees down

30
Could it fly?
31
The historical evolution of flight debate
  • Two main hypotheses
  • Ground-up (cursorial hypothesis)
  • Trees-down (arboreal hypothesis)

32
Ground-up
  • Assume biped, cursorial ancestor
  • Has to be bipedal to use wings at all
  • Large legs for running muscle attachment
  • Bones of legs are long
  • Once running
  • Use feathers for other things
  • Catch insects
  • Pick up minimum speed for lift Flight

33
Trees-down
  • Assume semi-bipedal leaping and gliding ancestor
  • Use of claws to scale trees, then glide to ground
  • Claws retained in winged appendages
  • Short hand wing (power), relatively long arm wing
    (lift)
  • Claw geometry (Feduccias study)
  • Large attachment sites for downstroke on humerus
    but no keeled sternum
  • Flying squirrels?

34
Winner?
  • Trees-downmaybe
  • Largely historical debate
  • More productive???
  • Why evolve flight?
  • To help escape from predators
  • To help catch flying or speedy prey
  • To help move from place to place (leaping or
    gliding)
  • Vigilence
  • Migration, etc
  • Nomadism
  • To free the hindlegs for use as weapons

35
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36
Craniate phylogeny and diversity of living
species From Bemis http//www.bio.umass.edu/biolog
y/bemis
37
1/31/06
  • Lab tomorrow in the field (Briar Creek Lake)
  • Bring
  • Clothes
  • Binoculars
  • Waterproof notebook
  • Time to meet?
  • Lab Activities BWSV
  • Read Taking Field Notes Handout
  • Lecture Today
  • End Evolution
  • Start Form and Function
  • Feathers

38
Fig. 3.25
39
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40
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41
Fig. 3.20
42
Alternative Hypotheses?
  • Overhead from Feduccia

43
Leading alternative hypotheses
  • Theropod Ancestry
  • Pros
  • Lots of fossils
  • Some with feathers
  • Bone morphology
  • Foot with 3 digits
  • Embryology (birds w/5)
  • Sholder joint similarity
  • Facilitates wings held at sides
  • Eggs in nest structure
  • Cons
  • Theropod adapted for running (how could flyer and
    runner share ancestry?
  • Feathers? (Old argument)
  • Theropod fossils yes
  • Used for insulation
  • Exapted for flight.
  • Thecodont Ancestry
  • Pros
  • Tree dwellers
  • Glider forms
  • In the trees
  • More parsimonious argument that flight feathers
    evolved from gliding stabilizers rather than
    insulation
  • Cons
  • Fossil Evidence is missing

44
Form and Function
45
Feathers
  • Most conspicuous integumental derivative
  • Keratin
  • Function
  • Flight
  • Heat Conservation
  • Reduced convective and evaporative heat loss
  • Increased insulation

46
Feather Development
Lizard scales
Bird scales
  • Development triggered by an interaction b/w
    epidermis and dermal mesenchyme
  • Formation of dermal papilla (placode)
  • Mitotic divisions in a collar zone of the stratum
    germinativum near the base of the papilla form a
    crown of barbs
  • Covered by a horny sheath of epidermis

Scaleless hen
47
Feather Development
  • As development proceeds
  • Differential cell division on one side of the
    papilla
  • Timing of expression of two proteins Shh Bmp2
  • These cells form a shaft away from the body
  • carrying the barbs that are formed in the collar
  • The base of the feather recedes into the skin
  • Accompanied by layers of epithelial cells
  • Feather follicle
  • Degeneration of epidermal sheath

48
Feather morphogenesis
  • Movie

49
Morphology of a Feather
50
Morphology of a feather (cont)
51
Morphology of a feather (cont)
  • Major Types
  • Contour
  • Insul., Flight
  • Vanes symmetrical
  • Vanes asymmetrical
  • Semiplumes and
  • Rachis gt barbs
  • Down
  • Rachis lt barbs
  • Insul.
  • Adult down
  • Natal down (lost)
  • Powder down
  • Grooming
  • waterproofing
  • Bristles
  • Little or no vane
  • Filoplume
  • Monitor pennaceous feathors

Pennaceous
Plumulaceous
52
Contour feathers
  • Wings

53
Contour feathers
  • Tail

54
Semiplume
  • ostrich

55
Down
natal
powder
adult
56
Filoplume
57
Bristles
  • Whip-poor-will

58
Cross-section of feather follicle
  1. Barb ridges of epithelial
  2. Surrounding dermal core of connective tissue
  3. Space of the follicle
  4. Epithelial tissue of follicle
  5. Associated musculature

59
Melanins
60
Carotenoids
61
Porphyrins
62
Structural colors
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