Chapter 1 The Human Organism

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Chapter 1 The Human Organism
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Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

• Anatomy scientific discipline that investigates
  the bodys structure
• Physiology scientific investigation of the
  processes or functions of living things

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Topics of Anatomy

• Gross or macroscopic structures examined
  without a microscope
• Regional studied area by area
• Systemic studied system by system
• Surface external form and relation to deeper
  structures as x-ray in anatomic imaging
• Microscopic structures seen with the microscope
• Cytology cellular anatomy
• Histology study of tissues

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Topics of Physiology

• Reveals dynamic nature of living things
• Considers operations of specific organ systems
• Cell physiology examines processes in cells
• Neurophysiology focuses on the nervous system
• Cardiovascular the heart and blood vessels

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Subjects That Encompass Both Anatomy and
Physiology

• Pathology structural and functional changes
  caused by disease
• Exercise Physiology changes in structure and
  function caused by exercise

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Structural Functional Organizations

• Chemical Level interaction of atoms
• Cell Level functional unit of life
• Tissue Level group of similar cells and the
  materials surrounding them
• Organ Level one or more tissues functioning
  together
• Organ System Level group of organs functioning
  together
• Organism Level any living thing.

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Organs of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Organ Systems of the Body (cont.)
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Characteristics of Life

• Organization condition in which there are
  specific relationships and functions
• Metabolism all chemical reactions of the body
• Responsiveness ability to sense changes and
  adjust
• Growth increase in size and/or number of cells
• Development changes in an organism over time
• Differentiation change from general to specific
• Morphogenesis change in shape of tissues, organs
• Reproduction new cells or new organisms

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Homeostasis

• Values of variables fluctuate
• around the set point to establish a normal range
  of values.
• Set point the ideal normal value of a
  variable.
• What is the set point for body temperature?

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Feedback Systems

• Two types negative and positive
• Components
• Receptor monitors the value of some variable
• Control center establishes the set point
• Effector can change the value of the variable
• Stimulus deviation from the set point detected
  by the receptor
• Response produced by the effector

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Positive Feedback

• When a deviation occurs, the response is to make
  the deviation greater
• Unusual in normal, healthy individuals, leads
  away from homeostasis and can result in death
• Example of normal positive feedback childbirth
• Example of harmful positive feedback after
  hemorrhage, blood pressure drops and the hearts
  ability to pump blood decreases

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Terminology and Body Plan

• Anatomical Position
• Body erect, face forward, feet together, palms
  face forward
• Other Body Positions
• Supine lying face upward
• Prone lying face downward
• Directional Terms
• Superior (Cephalic) vs. Inferior (Caudal) toward
  or away from the head
• Medial vs. Lateral relative to the midline
• Proximal vs. Distal used to describe linear
  structures
• Superficial vs. Deep relative to the surface of
  the body

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Terminology and Body Plan (cont.)

• Directional Terms (cont.)
• Anterior (Ventral) vs. Posterior (Dorsal).
  Anterior is forward posterior is toward the back.

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Body Parts and Regions
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Body Parts and Regions
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Abdominal Subdivisions
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Body Planes

• Median (through the midline) and Sagittal (same
  plane, but to the left or right of median
• Frontal or Coronal divides body into anterior and
  posterior sections
• Transverse / Cross divides body into superior and
  inferior sections
• Oblique Other than at a right angle

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Planes of Section Through an Organ

• Longitudinal cut along the length of an organ
• Cross/Transverse cut at right angle to length of
  the organ
• Oblique cut at any but a right angle

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Trunk Cavities

• Diaphragm divides body cavity into thoracic and
  abdominopelvic cavities.
• Mediastinum contains all structures of the
  thoracic cavity except the lungs

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Serous Membranes

• Cover the organs of trunk cavities line the
  cavity
• Fist represents an organ
• Inner balloon wall represents visceral serous
  membrane
• Outer balloon wall represents parietal serous
  membrane
• Cavity between two membranes filled with
  lubricating serous fluid that is produced by the
  membranes
• Inflammation of the serous membranes

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Serous Membranes Named for Their Specific
Cavities and Organs

• Pericardium refers to heart.
• Pleura refers to lungs and thoracic cavity
• Peritoneum refers to abdominopelvic cavity