Chapter 1: Interactions of Life Sections 1

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Chapter 1 Interactions of LifeSections 1 3

• Life Science

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• Ecology is the study of interactions among living
  things and their environments.
• Ecologists are scientists who study those
  interactions.

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What is a Biosphere?

• Biosphere- part of the Earth that supports life.
• Biosphere is made up of different Environments
  that are home to many different kinds of
  organisms.

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What is an Ecosystem???

• Ecosystems- consist of all the living organisms
  and the non-living things in their environment.

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Living Things

• Biotic Factors a living thing
• in an ecosystem

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Abiotic Factor

• Abiotic Factors any physical or chemical part
  of an ecosystem that living things NEED to
  survive.
• Sunlight
• Water
• Air
• Soil, Sand, Rocks, etc.
• Proper Temperature

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iPads!!!

• Create your own Ecosystem using the LINO APP!

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Populations

• Populations- made up of all the organisms in an
  ecosystem that belong to the same species.
• Example- Human Population!

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Community

• Community- all the populations in an ecosystem.
• Example-
• Arctic Community fish, seals, polar bears.

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• Habitat- the place in which organisms live
• Provides food shelter, proper temperature, and
  Living space the
• organism NEEDS to survive.
• - Example Pond
• Niche an organisms role or job
• in the habitat.

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Section 3 Interactions with Communities

• What is a Community?

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• Where does all the Energy come from?
• SUN!
• What is affected? How?

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• Energy from the sun is stored in chemical bonds
  that holds together Atoms.
• When these chemical bonds are broken, what must
  be released?

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• All organisms need energy in one way or another.

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PRODUCERS

• Producers organisms that use a source of energy
  to make food
• Example Plants use sun for Photosynthesis

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What if organisms cant receive sunlight?

• Chemosynthesis is when bacteria produces food
  using heated chemicals released from underwater
  vents.

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CONSUMERS

• Consumers Organisms that cannot make their own
  food
• AKA - Heterotrophs

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• Herbivores- vegetarians plant eaters
• Ex- Rabbits, Deer, Cows
• Carnivores- animal eaters
• Ex- Lions, Coyotes
• Omnivores- eats plants animals
• Ex- Humans, Bears
• Decomposers- consume waste dead organisms
• Ex- Earthworms, Mushrooms, Mold, Fungi
• - help recycle once-living matter

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• Scavenger an organism that feeds off of
  once-living organisms
• Ex turkey vulture

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• What are some things that organisms depend on
  other organisms for?

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FOOD CHAIN

• Food Chain- a model to show the feeding
  relationships between a single producer and a
  chain of consumers

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FOOD WEB

• Food Web model of the feeding relationships
  between many overlapping food chains

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ENERGY PYRAMID

• -shows the amount of Energy available at each
  feeding level.

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? STOP HERE ?
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What are some cycles in nature?
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Section 2

• Cycles Picture Notes (see Binder)

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BIOMES Section 4

• See Biome Project in Binder

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Chapter 2 Interactions Within Ecosystems

• Life Science

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Habitats Niches
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• Habitat- the place in which organisms live
• Provides food water, shelter, proper
  temperature, and Living space the
• organism NEEDS to survive.
• - Example Pond
• Niche an organisms role or job
• in the habitat.

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Niches

• What is a Niche?
• Niches- how an organism survives, how it obtains
  food and shelter, how it finds a mate and cares
  for its young, how it avoids danger.
• Special adaptations that improve survival are
  often part of an organisms niche.

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Patterns Exist in Populations

• Patterns in SPACE - how animals or plants place
  themselves, depends on how they meet their needs
  to survive.
• Space is needed for food or water.
• Examples School of fish, herd of elephants

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Patterns in Populations

• Patterns in TIME
• Population sizes change depending on climate.
• Examples Cicadas emerge every 17 years, bears
  hibernate, birds migrate, jelly fish in August!
• Population sizes can also
• depend on predators.

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SECTION 2.2
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Symbiotic Relationships

• Symbiotic Relationship means a close
  relationship between two species

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MUTUALISM

• Mutualism- where both species benefit
• Example Bee and Flower
• Explain

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COMMENSALISM

• Commensalism- where one organism benefits and the
  other is not affected
• Example Clown Fish and Anemones
• Explain

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PARASITISM

• Parasitism- where one organism benefits, and the
  other is harmed
• Example- Dogs and Ticks

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PREDATOR/PREY

• Predator- consumers that capture and eat other
  consumers
• Predators can limit the size of populations
• Predators can also increase decrease the number
  of different organisms in an ecosystem.

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PREDATOR/PREY

• Prey- organism that is captured by a consumer (or
  predator)

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Competition

• Competition- two or more organisms that seek the
  same resource at the same time.

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Effects of Competition

• Competition for food, living space, or other
  resources can LIMIT the population.
• Prevents Pop. Growth
• Competition is most intense among individuals of
  the same species.

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Measuring Pop. Methods

1. Count the of species
2. Trap-Mark-Release
3. Sample Count (used to estimate the sizes of
   larger populations)

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Population Size

• Pop. Size- indicates whether population is
  healthy and growing.
• Population Density- the size of a population that
  occupies a specific area

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• Limiting Factor- anything that restricts the of
  individuals in a population.
• Can be living or nonliving
• Can affect other populations
• Carrying Capacity- the largest of individuals
  of one species that an ecosystem can support.

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• What if the Carrying Capacity exceeds?
• Not enough resources, death occurs, species are
  forced to move.

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What Affects Pop. Size?

• List some things that can affect Population Sizes

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Exponential Growth

• Exponential Growth- the LARGER a population
  becomes, the FASTER it grows.

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Changing in Pop.

• Populations can change in size when new members
  enter or exit the pop.
• BIRTH RATE- of births in a given time
• DEATH RATE- of deaths in a given time