Chapter 22 Notes- Human Geography of Southwest Asia

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Chapter 22 Notes- Human Geography of Southwest
Asia

• Religion, Politics, Oil

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Mecca
The birthplace of Muhammad and a site of the
revelation of the Quran
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Muhammad.
Muhammad, was a religious, political, and
military leader from Mecca who unified Arabia
into a single religious polity under Islam.
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Section 1 The Arabian Peninsula

• Islam- based on the teachings of Muhammad.
• Monotheistic
• Mosque- place of worship
• All Muslims (followers of Islam) perform the 5
  pillars.

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Section 1 The Arabian Peninsula

• 5 Pillars
• 1. Faith (Iman or Shahadah)- no God but Allah,
  Muhammad is messenger of Allah
• 2. Prayer (Salah)- praying 5xs per day towards
  Mecca
• 3. Charity (Zakah)- giving money to the poor.

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Section 1 The Arabian Peninsula

• 5 Pillars cont.-
• 4. Fasting (Saum)- during month of Ramadan, do
  not eat or drink anything between sunrise
  sunset.
• 5. Pilgrimage (Hajj)- make pilgrimage to Mecca
  once during life.

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Section 1 The Arabian Peninsula

• Theocratic- religious leaders control the
  government.
• many of the governments in the region are this
• Ayatollah- Muslim religious leader

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Section 1 The Arabian Peninsula

• OPEC- Organization of Petroleum Exporting
  Countries-
• Members set worldwide oil prices production
  quotas
• Members include Algeria, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq,
  Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the
  United Arab Emirates, and Venezuela.

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Which countries have the largest reserves of
crude oil?
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Section 1 The Arabian Peninsula

• Arabic Women-
• Most cover themselves from head to toe in a burqa
  (Arabic covering)
• Modesty being covered is believed to be
  pleasing to god.

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Section 2 The Eastern Mediterranean

• 3 major religions were all started in Southwest
  Asia
• Judaism, Christianity, Islam
• All 3 claim Jerusalem as a holy city.

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Section 2The Eastern Mediterranean

• Jews- Jerusalem is holiest city
• Holiest site- Western Wall (Wailing Wall)
• Whole area is known as the Temple Mount
• First Temple built by King Solomon then destroyed
• Temple rebuilt
• Second Temple destroyed by the Romans
• Only piece left standing is known as the Western
  Wall
• No Jewish temple on site since 70 A.D.

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Section 2 The Eastern Mediterranean

• Christians cherish the land as the area where
  Jesus Christ was crucified for the holy areas
  of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher (where
  crucified) Mount of the Olives.

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Section 2 The Eastern Mediterranean

• Islam claims Jerusalem as 3rd holiest city behind
  Mecca Medina
• Dome of the Rock- spot where Muslims believe the
  Prophet Muhammad rose into heaven
• AKA- Haram Ash-Sharif (Temple Mount)
• Next to Western Wall
• Site of frequent clashes between Muslims Jews

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Section 2 The Eastern Mediterranean

• Ottoman Empire- Muslim based government, started
  in Turkey
• Lasted from 1520-1920 (til end of WW1)

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Section 2 The Eastern Mediterranean

• Zionism- goal of the creation support of a
  Jewish homeland in Palestine
• After WW1 Britain controlled Palestine

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Section 2 The Eastern Mediterranean

• After WW2 world sentiment favored giving the Jews
  a national homeland.
• May 14th, 1948 Israel was established.
• Immediately Attacked
• Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Iraq, Saudi
  Arabia, Yemen attacked.

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Section 2 The Eastern Mediterranean

• Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)- formed
  to regain the land for Arabs
• Political Military means used

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Section 3 The Northeast

• The Kurds- ethnic group in Southwestern Asia
• Stateless nation
• 5,000 were gassed to death by Saddam Husseins
  army.
• Saddam was executed for this

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Section 3 The Northeast

• Mesopotamia- many civilizations were started here
  in the land between the rivers (AKA The Fertile
  Crescent)
• Sumer
• Babylonia
• Assyria
• Chaldea
• Hittites
• Persia

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Section 3 The Northeast

• Two main branches of Islam
• Sunni Muslim- 83 of all Muslims
• Shiite Muslim

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Section 3 The Northeast

• Taliban- fundamentalist Muslim political group in
  Afghanistan

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• 1955 Afghanistan asks US for military ties, we
  say no
• Afghanistan looks to USSR,
• Pro-communist ideas were adopted into the gov.
  and a Communist Party was in place in Afghanistan

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• 1978 pro soviet groups staged a coup and
  installed their own puppet government

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• 1978 - New regime announces changes such as equal
  rights for women, land reforms..
• Protests result from these reforms (pro-Islamic
  groups)

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• 1979 Soviets invade

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• Afghan army collapses as revolts take place all
  over, govt. asks for military aid from US

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• 1980 - Resistance to Soviet occupation forms in
  Afghanistan Pakistan called the mujahideen or
  holy warriors,
• US CIA begins to support these rebels with arms
  supplied through Pakistan

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• 10 long wasteful years of war in Afghanistan

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• UN sponsored peace talks with Afghanistan. Soviet
  Union, Pakistan, and the US

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• 1996 - various factions fight for control of the
  Afghan government,
• Many ethnic warlords and leaders battle each
  other
• Taliban group take charge by bribing local
  warlords and making false promises

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• Taliban forces take the capital of Kabul and
  about 75 of the country
• make massive changes
• establish a very strict form of Islamic law

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• Brought major sweeping reforms, reforms against
  women

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No television, music or movies No whistling or
clapping No dancing No shorts No photography No
smoking Men must have a beard and wear a head
covering
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• Women
• No jobs, must stay at home
• Must wear the burqa and be with a male relative
  outside the house
• No schooling/education
• No revealing ankles/ no white socks
• No treatment by male doctors
• No make-up or brightly colored clothes

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• No associating with male shopkeepers
• No laughing loudly
• No high heels
• No driving
• No riding bicycles
• No washing clothes next to a river unless a male
  relative is present
• Windows must be painted or covered

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Osama bin Laden