SLEEP

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SLEEP

• Biological rhythms
• Repeating cycles of physiological changes
• Circadian rhythms
• 24 hour cycles of physiological changes, most
  notably the sleep-wake cycle.
• 25 hr. cycle
• Phase advance
• Shortening the sleep-wake cycle
• Phase delay
• Lengthening the sleep-wake cycle

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• Patterns of Sleep
• A typical nights sleep
• EEG
• Beta waves (12 to 14 Hz (cycles per second))
• Alert mental state

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• Falling Asleep
• Alpha waves (8 to 12 Hz)
• Relaxed, introspective state
• Slow rolling eye movements, decrease of arousal
  (heart rate, breathing rate, muscle tension and
  respiration rate)
• Stage 1
• Theta waves (4 to 7 Hz)
• About 5 minutes
• Light stage of sleep
• Vivid imagery
• Hypnogogic sensations

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• Stage 2
• Slightly deeper
• Sleep spindles
• Periodic burst of high frequency (12 to 16 Hz)
• K-complex
• Sharp rise and fall in amplitude and size
• About 20 minutes
• Sleep talking may begin here

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• Stage 3 4
• Delta waves (1 to 2 Hz)
• Slow wave sleep
• 3 4 combine for about 30 minutes
• Distinguished by amount of delta waves
• 20 to 50 stage 3
• Children may wet bed
• Walking in sleep
• Still monitoring outside environmental
  information though not consciously aware of it.

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• Drift back up 3, 2 and hit
• REM rapid eye movement stage about 90 minutes
  after you fall asleep
• Heart rate, respiration rate, brain wave
  frequency increase
• Flaccid paralysis of limbs
• Paradoxical sleep
• Genital arousal
• Dreaming
• Increases as night progresses
• Too much REMing

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• The NREM-REM Cycle
• Stages 1, 2, 3, and 4 NREM
• 90 minutes
• 20-25 in REM
• 5 in stage 1
• 50 in stage 2
• 20 in stages 3 4

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• The duration of sleep
• Elephants sleep 2 hrs. a day.
• Bats sleep 20 hrs. a day.
• North Americans habitually get less than their
  ideal quota!
• Problem amongst college students
• Biggest problem amongst high school students
• Afternoon naps helpful

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• The functions of sleep
• Sleep as physically restorative
• Most common sense view.
• Randy Gardner
• 264 hours
• Vigorous exercise
• 57 mile ultra marathon
• Increase of growth hormone

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• Sleep as adaptive inactivity
• Evolution
• Sleep as protection from harm
• Protective function of REM
• Less to fear, sleep more and vice-a-versa
• Sleep as a conserver of energy
• Length of sleep negatively correlated with time
  spent to find food.

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• Neural mechanisms involved with sleep and
  wakefulness
• Brain stem and arousal
• Reticular formation
• Locus coeruleus
• Norepinephrine
• Raphe nuclei
• Serotonin
• Preoptic area
• Inducing non-REM sleep

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• REM sleep
• Pons
• Acetylcholine
• To thalamus occipital lobes
• Activity changes in limbic structures and
  prefrontal cortex
• Primary visual areas inhibited but visual
  association areas activated.

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• Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia
• Narcolepsy
• Cataplexy
• Orexin or hypocretin
• Sleep apnea
• Sudden infant death syndrome
• Nightmares

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• Night terrors
• Nightmares during stages three and four sleep
• Sleep walking or somnabulism
• Non REM sleep
• REM behavior disorder
• No paralysis during dreams
• Daytime sleepiness

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DREAMS

• Sigmund Freuds The Interpretation of Dreams
  (1900)
• Mary Whiton Calkins (1893) and Edmund Clark
• We dream every night
• We have about four dreams a night
• As the night progresses, we are more likely to be
  dreaming
• Most dreams are mundane and refer to recent
  events
• Dreams can incorporate external stimuli
• We can reason while dreaming and even, to an
  extent control our dreams
• Dreams can disguise their true meaning.

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• The content of Dreams
• Mundane personal matters
• Recurrent dreams
• Gender and cultural factors
• 40 male and 40 female
• Finland and Palestine
• External stimuli
• Lucid dreaming

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• The Purpose of Dreaming
• Dreaming as wish fulfillment
• Freud royal road to the unconscious
• Manifest content
• Latent content
• sometimes a cigar is just a cigar
• Dreaming as problem solving
• Elias Howe, Jack Nicholas and Otto Loewi
• Rosalind Cartwright
• More creative approach to problem solving
• Dreaming and emotional adjustment

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• Dreaming as an aid to memory
• Formalize long term memory
• Research
• Story time
• PET scans
• Dreaming as the by product of random brain
  activity
• Activation-synthesis theory J. Allan Hobson
  and Robert McCarley (1977)
• Cortexs attempt to make sense out of random
  activity generated by the brain stem
• Cortexs interpretation depends on personality
  and experience
• Psychological factors come into play only AFTER
  the onset of brain stem activity

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HYPNOSIS

• An induced state of consciousness in which one
  person responds to suggestions by another person
  for alterations in perception, thinking, and
  behavior.
• Anton Mesmer (1734-1815)
• Animal magnetism
• Memerism
• Eventually discredited
• James Braid (1795-1860)
• Hypnotism
• Hypnos Greek god of sleep

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• Hypnotic Induction
• Hypnotic susceptibility (talented)
• 10 difficult or impossible to hypnotize
• Ability to focus attention and ignore distraction
• More active imagination
• Tendency to fantasize
• Capacity for processing information quickly and
  easily
• Tendency to be suggestible
• More positive attitude towards hypnosis
• Willingness to be hypnotized
• Relaxed, passive, highly focused state of mind

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• Effects of Hypnosis
• Perceptual effects
• Pain relief
• Suggestions used to distract
• Preventing transmission of pain impulses
• Cognitive effects
• Hypermnesia
• Hypnotic enhancement of recall
• Can also create pseudomemories
• research
• Behavior effects
• Posthypnotic suggestions
• Suggestions directing subjects to carry out
  particular behaviors or to have particular
  experiences after leaving hypnosis.
• Martin Orne and Frederick Evans

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• The Nature of Hypnosis
• State Theory
• Hypnosis is an altered state of consciousness
• Role theory
• Hypnotized people act in accordance with a social
  role that provides a reason to follow the
  hypnotist suggestion
• Age regression
• Dont truly adopt the behaviors of the age group
• Birthday party

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• Dissociation theory or Neodissociation theory
• Socially agreed upon opportunity to display ones
  ability to let mental functions become
  dissociated.
• A state in which the mind is split into two or
  more independent streams of consciousness.
• Ernest Hilgard
• Hidden observer
• Part of the hypnotized persons consciousness
  that is not under the control of the hypnotist.

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PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS

• Substances that acts on the brain to create some
  psychological effect
• Blood brain barrier
• A feature of blood vessels supplying the brain
  that allows only certain substances to leave the
  blood and interact with brain tissue

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• Psychological dependence
• A person uses a drug despite adverse effects,
  needs the drug for a sense of well being, and
  becomes preoccupied with obtaining it
• Physical dependence (addition)
• Development of a physical need for a psychoactive
  drug
• Withdrawal syndrome
• Symptoms associated with discontinuing the use of
  a habit forming substance
• Tolerance
• Increasingly larger doses are needed to produce a
  given effect

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• Expectations and drug effects
• Learned expectations
• Think it contains alcohol but doesnt
• Expectations effected by culture
• Alcohol consumption in U.S. and Bolivia
• Tahiti in the 1700s
• Expectations can also effect amount consumed
• Cheers and positive adjectives and taste test

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• Depressants
• Inhibits the functioning of the central nervous
  system
• Affects neurotransmitter GABA
• Alcohol
• Barbituates

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• GHB
• Gamma hydroxybutyrate
• Naturally occuring substance
• Nutritional supplement G
• Club drug
• Relaxation, elation, loss of inhibition,
  increased sex drive
• Nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, loss of
  muscle control or paralysis, breathing problems,
  and even death
• Loss of memory and consciousness
• Seizures, hallucinations, agitation, and even
  coma or death

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• Stimulants
• Increases behavioral and mental ability
• Amphetamines
• Cocaine
• MDMA

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• Caffeine
• Enhance cognitive performance and vigilance
• Improves problem solving, increases capacity for
  physical work, and raises urine production
• Headaches, fatigue, anxiety, shakiness, and
  craving
• Harder for women to become pregnant, risk of
  miscarriage and still birth, low birth weight
  baby
• Increases in blood pressure

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• Nicotine
• Powerful stimulant of the ANS
• Enhances action of acetylcholine, increases
  release of glutamate, activates dopamine related
  pleasure system
• Elevated mood, improved memory and attention
• Craving, irritability, lowered heart rate, weight
  gain, reduces activity in brains reward pathways

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• Opiates
• Produces sleep inducing and pain relieving
  effects
• Opium
• Morphine
• Heroin

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• Hallucinogens aka psychedelics aka
  psychotomimetics (mimicking psychosis)
• Alters consciousness by producing a temporary
  loss of contact with reality and changes in
  emotion, perception, and thought
• LSD
• Marijuana

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• Ketamine
• Anesthetic used by veterinarians
• Special K
• out of body or near death experiences
• Amnesia and memory problems
• Damage to hippocampus