Matchmaking Global Energy Needs with Local Energy Technology

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Matchmaking Global Energy Needs with Local Energy
Technology
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What are the Drivers?

• Oil Price
• Energy Insecurity - Strategic
• Atmospheric CO2

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Population-Energy Equation
N
Power N x (GDP/N) x (Watts/GDP) C Emission
Rate Power x (Carbon/J)
GDP/N
Watts/GDP
Carbon/Joule
Hoffert et al., Nature (1998)
4
Energy-Environment
Energy-CO2 Equation
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World Fuel Reserves
Source John F. Bookout (President of Shell USA)
,Two Centuries of Fossil Fuel Energy
International Geological Congress, Washington DC
July 10,1985. Episodes, vol 12, 257-262 (1989).
Source BP Statistical Review of World Energy
(2005)
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Six of the top 15 energy users are low-income
countries.
Total energy use, in millions of metric tons of
oil equivalent, 2002
Source World Bank, 2005 World Development
Indicators table 3.7.
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Why Coal?

• Abundant in countries with large/growing
  economies
• Relatively Inexpensive

(EIA,2004)
5.86
4.59
0.90
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Coal Usage Possibilities
Coal
PRESENT USAGE
C02N2 CO2NOx N2
Pulverized Coal Combustion
Direct Coal Liquefaction
Gasifaction
CH2O COH2 COH2O CO2H2
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
IGCC
Carbon Fuel Cell
Gas Steam Turbine
Fuel Cell
Synthetic Chemicals
Liquid Fuels
H2
Electricity
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US Energy
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US Energy
65
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An Inconvenient Truth
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Carbon Balance
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Carbon in the Atmosphere
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Options for Emission Reduction
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What are the Drivers?

• Oil Price
• Critical for transportation
• Not critical for electricity - coal is cheap and
  available, but twice the CO2 emission rate!!
• Oil can be produced from coal - Fischer-Tropsch
  process _at_ 40/barrel
• Strategic
• Independence from foreign oil
• Geopolitics
• Atmospheric CO2
• Universal driver

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Energy Conversion Processes
Light
Photovoltaics
Photosynthesis/ Photocatalysis
LED
Electricity
Fuel
Fuel Cell
Electrocatalysis
Absorption
Emission
Catalytic Reaction
Thermoelectricity
Motor
Joule Heating
Generator
Combustion Nuclear Reaction
Heat
Mechanical
Heat Engine
Friction
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What can Berkeley offer?
90.000
MiniCAM
80.000

• Conservation Energy Efficiency
• Power-Aware Buildings
• Waste Heat Recovery
• Fuel Efficiency in Transportation
• Renewable Energy
• Alternative Fuels
• Alternative Power
• Nuclear Energy
• Coal to Gas Substitution
• Carbon Capture Storage

70.000
60.000
50.000
Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1)
40.000
30.000
Emissions to the atmosphere
20.000
10.000
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
2095
2005
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Conservation Energy Efficiency Power-Aware
Buildings
90.000
MiniCAM
80.000
70.000
60.000
50.000
Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1)
40.000
30.000
Emissions to the atmosphere
20.000
10.000
2005
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
2095
CITRIS honors Energy Commissioner Arthur
Rosenfeld
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Wireless Technology forEnergy Efficiency
Demand Response

• Summer heat creates over-demand for AC
• Avoid brown-outs (level the demand) during peak
  usage with enabling technology
• Meters, thermostats, temperature-nodes In ad
  hoc self-organizing wireless networks
• Demand Response scenario
• Smart Thermostat receivesprice signals every ¼
  hour(or, emergency signals ASAP)
• Users responses to pricepoints lower energy
  costs

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New thermostat shows price of electricity in
/kWhr expected monthly bill.New meter
conveys real-timeusage, back to service
provider.Wireless beacons (smart dust) allow
for fine-tuned comfort/control.
Demand Response in a Smart House
Incoming price signals

Appliance lights show price level appliances
powered-down
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The Result?

• California energy regulators approved a PGE
  plan in July 2006 to upgrade all of the companys
  residential electricity and natural gas meters, a
  5-year project that promises to change the way
  the utilitys customers pay for power

S.F. Chronicle, July 20, 2006
Courtesy PGE
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Conservation Energy Efficiency Waste Heat
Recovery
90.000
MiniCAM
80.000
70.000
60.000
50.000
Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1)
40.000
30.000
Emissions to the atmosphere
20.000
10.000
2005
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
2095
65
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Power Generation
Wout 10 TW Efficiency Wout/Qin 40 Qin 25
TW Qout 15 TW
Tout gtTambient100 (K)
Almost 80-90 of worlds power is generated this
way
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Power Generation
Hot (Thot)
Wout 10 TW Efficiency Wout/Qin 40 Qin 25
TW Qout 15 TW
Qin
Engine
Wout
Tout Tambient100 (K)
Qout
w
Efficiency 3 (10 of Carnot) w 0.45 TW
Qcold
Cold (Tambient)
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Thermoelectricity Energy Conversion
Seebeck Coefficient, S V/?T
Engine
Refrigerator
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Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Materials
Au Nanoparticles with Dodecylamine
Au Nanoparticles with Benzenedithiol
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Conservation Energy Efficiency Fuel
Efficiency Transportation
90.000
MiniCAM
80.000
70.000
60.000
50.000
Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1)
40.000
30.000
Emissions to the atmosphere
20.000
10.000
2005
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
2095
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Fuel Efficiency for Autos/Trucks

• Study of combustion and new engine designs
  (PRIME)
• E.g. Homogeneous Charge Compression Ignition, or
  HCCI
• Also note that if the entire US vehicle fleet
  were replaced with Plug-in Hybrids, the US oil
  consumption would drop by 70, avoiding petroleum
  imports

Toyota Prius 50mpg PHEV 80-160mpg
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Plug-in Hybrids EV
Tesla
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Renewable Energy Alternative Fuels
90.000
MiniCAM
80.000
70.000
60.000
50.000
Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1)
40.000
30.000
Emissions to the atmosphere
20.000
10.000
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
2095
2005
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Helios From Sunlight to EnergyMain paths
electrical, cellulose, microbes
Cellulose-degrading microbes
Cellulose
Plants
Engineered photosynthetic microbes and plants
Methanol Ethanol Hydrogen Hydrocarbons
Artificial Photosynthesis
PV
Electrochemistry
Electricity
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Plastic Film Solar Cells
Exciton Diffusion Length
Indium Tin Oxide
20 nm
100 nm Absorption Depth
h
e-
Polymer
Al
CdSe Nanorods
Transport Bi-continuous Network
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Carrier multiplication/ harvesting scheme
Enhanced multiple exciton generation Enhanced
density of states to harvest multiple excitons
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Natural photosynthesis proof of concept for
solar to fuel in single integrated system
Integrated systems for sunlight to fuel

Natural photosynthesis Efficient for sustaining
life - not efficient for making fuel
Artificial system using ideas from natural
photosynthetic systems

• mimic a plants adaptive mobility to optimize
  photon absorption
• integrate photosynthetic organisms such as
  cyanobacteria that can use light to oxidize
  water
• develop nanoscale photoelectrochemical cells

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Energy production via Waste or Crops
Biodiesel

• Ethanol/Butanol
• Corn/Cane
• Cellulose

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Microbial Fuel SynthesisBuilding novel pathways
for novel fuels
Joint Genome Institute
Intriguing Algae its own metabolic machinery
usessunlight and CO2 to make oil (C15/C18
diesel) but very very slowly
Berkeley Center for Synthetic Biology
Botryococcus braunii (Algae)
Botryococcus braunii (Algae) produces oil but is
slow to grow
A different algae (Chlamydomonas) reproduces very
fast but creates no oil.
Approach Decode genome, combine genes to create
hybrid that produces C15/C18 fuel at 0.65/gallon!
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Nuclear Energy
90.000
MiniCAM
80.000
70.000
60.000
50.000
Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1)
40.000
30.000
Emissions to the atmosphere
20.000
10.000
2005
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
2095
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The New Nuclear EnergyImproved Performance
Safety
PGE Diablo Canyon Plant

• New Nuclear Plants
• 31 new license applications announced for U.S.
  nuclear power plant construction
• 4 designs, including the ESBWR and AP-1000 with
  passive safety systems

GE Economic Simplified BWR

• Existing Nuclear Plants
• 20 U.S. electricity
• 70 U.S. total non-fossil energy production
• Average capacity factors now greater than 90

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The Generations of Nuclear Energy
Source DOE Generation IV Project
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Worker safety in the nuclear industry much higher
than other energy sectors
Safety and Reliability - 1
Nuclear Energy x 10
Nuclear in 1980
National Institute of for Occupational Health and
Safety
INPO, Nuclear News, May, 2001
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Yucca Mountain repository system
The current performance standard requires that
maximum doses be below 2 percent of natural
background radiation exposure for at least 10,000
years, and no higher than natural background for
at least one million years
Repository site selected in US and Finland 50 of
U.S. reactors with 20-year license renewals 31
U.S. sites applying for construction 3 new
reactor designs with NRC for certification 2005
Energy Bill for construction and RD New nuclear
power plant orders in EU and Asia
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Carbon Capture Storage
90.000
MiniCAM
80.000
70.000
60.000
50.000
Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1)
40.000
30.000
Emissions to the atmosphere
20.000
10.000
2005
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
2095
43
Carbon Capture and Storage
Ocean Storage
Geologic Storage
Mineralization
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Coal Usage Possibilities
Coal
PRESENT USAGE
C02N2 CO2NOx N2
Pulverized Coal Combustion
Direct Coal Liquefaction
Gasifaction
CH2O COH2 COH2O CO2H2
Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis
IGCC
Carbon Fuel Cell
Gas Steam Turbine
Fuel Cell
Synthetic Chemicals
Liquid Fuels
H2
Electricity
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Can we Learn from Nature?
Rate limiting at pHlt8
We need a catalyst!
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The Berkeley Solution
90.000
MiniCAM
80.000

• Conservation Energy Efficiency
• Power-Aware Buildings
• Waste Heat Recovery
• Fuel Efficiency in Transportation
• Renewable Energy
• Alternative Fuels
• Alternative Power
• Nuclear Energy
• Carbon Capture Storage

70.000
60.000
50.000
Emissions (MtCO2 yr-1)
40.000
30.000
Emissions to the atmosphere
20.000
10.000
2020
2035
2050
2065
2080
2095
2005
47
Some Reading Material