Kingdom Monera or Prokaryotae

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Kingdom Monera or
Prokaryotae

• 1. All unicellular microscopic prokaryotes
• 2. Two subkingdoms,
• a. Archaea
• b. Bacteria
• 3. Viruses- sometimes included

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Bacterial Shapes

• 
  
• Coccus Bacillus Spirillum
• Diplo- Strepto-
  Staphylo-

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Streptobacillus

• Bacillus anthracis, a streptobacillus isolated by
  Robert Koch, 1877
• 
  4-8 mm long

http//microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC420/lecture
_notes/bacillus_anthracis/bacillusspores.html
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Bacillus anthracis

http//microvet.arizona.edu/Courses/MIC420/lecture
_notes/bacillus_anthracis/ capsule.html
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Spirochete

• Treponema palidum, causitive agent of syphilis
  isolated by Fritz Schaudinn Erich Haffman, 1905
  

http//www.angelfire.com/de/nestsite/images/syphil
is.jpg
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Gram Stain, Hans Gram

• 1. Gram stain is absorbed by peptidoglycans, only
  found in bacteria
• 2. Bacteria with thick cell walls have lots of
  peptidoglycan and absorb lots of stain so appear
  purple, Gram
• Streptococcus Lactobacillus
• thermophilus acidophilus

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Gram Stain

• 3. Bacteria with thin cell walls have little of
  peptidoglycan and absorb small amounts of Gram
  stain so appear pink, Gram -
• Escherichia coli

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Prokaryote Respiration

• 1. Aerobic respiration
• 2. Anaerobic respiration
• 3. Fermentation

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Aerobic Respiration

• 1. Complete oxidation of organic compounds to CO2
  using oxygen
• 2. Mitochondria oxidize glucose to CO2
• C6H12O6 6O2 g 6CO2 6H2O

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Anaerobic Respiration

• 1. Complete oxidation of organic compounds to CO2
  using oxidizers other than oxygen
• 2. Desulfovibrio sp oxidize acetic acid to CO2
  using SO4-2
• C2H4O2 H2SO4 H2O g2CO2 H2S 3H2O

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Fermentation

• 1. Incomplete anaerobic breakdown of an organic
  molecule
• 2. Saccharomyces cerevisiae ferment glucose to
  CO2 ethanol
• C6H12O6 g 2CO2 2C2H5OH

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Prokaryote Nutrition

• 1. Photoautotrophs
• 2. Chemoautotrophs
• 3. Photoheterotrophs
• 4. Chemoheterotrophs

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Photoautotrophs

• 1. Obtain energy from sunlight
• 2. Use energy to synthesize cellular compounds
  from CO2
• 3. Plants, algae, cyanobacteria produce O2
• 4. Green sulfur purple sulfur bacteria
  anoxygenic

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Chemoautotrophs

• 1. Obtain energy from oxidation of inorganic or
  organic compounds
• 2. Use energy to synthesize cellular compounds
  from CO2
• 3. Sulfur oxidizing nitrogen oxidizing bacteria

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Photoheterotrophs

• 1. Obtain energy from sunlight
• 2. Use energy to synthesize cellular compounds
  from organic compounds
• 3. Purple nonsulfur bacteria, sheathed bacteria

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Chemoheterotrophs

• 1. Obtain energy from oxidation of inorganic or
  organic compounds
• 2. Use energy to synthesize cellular compounds
  from organic compounds
• 3. Animals, fungi, glucose ferment bacteria,
  sulfur reducing bacteria

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Prokaryote Metabolism

• 1. More metabolic pathways than other four
  kingdoms
• 2. Recycle all mineral elements organic
  compounds required for life
• 3. Metabolic activities of one group allow
  another group to live
• 4. M. W. Beijerinck (1851-1931) S. N.
  Winogradsky (1856-1953)- relationships between
  different microbes in mixed communities

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Winogradsky Column

• 1. Clear tube, 30cm x 5cm diameter
• 2. Lower 1/3- lake or river bottom mud plus
  cellulose, Na2SO4, CaCO3
• 3. Upper 2/3- water from mud source
• 4. Cap tube and place in sun or full spectrum
  light

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Winogradsky Column
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Winogradsky Incubation

• 1. Two to 3 months
• 2. Added cellulose promotes rapid microbial
  growth
• 3. Microbes deplete O2 in sediment water
• 4. O2 diffusion from air oxygenates top water
  level

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Winogradsky Levels

• 1. All organisms initially present in numbers
• 2. Different microbes multiply occupy different
  levels
• 3. Levels- specific environmental conditions that
  support specific organisms metabolic pathway

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Anaerobic Chemoheterotrophs

• 1. Glucose fermenting bacteria, Clostridium sp,
  break dormancy grow with anaerobic conditions
• 2. Breakdown cellulose to glucose
• 3. Ferment glucose to ethanol, acetic acid,
  succinic acid . . .

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Anaerobic Chemoautotrophs

• 1. Sulfur reducing bacteria, Desulfovibrio sp
• 2. Oxidize glucose fermentation products to CO2
  using SO4-2 or S2O3-2
• 3. SO4-2 S2O3-2 reduced to H2S

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Anaerobic Photoautotrophs

• 1. Green sulfur purple sulfur bacteria,
  anaerobic photosynthesis
• 2. Right below water-sediment interface
• 3. Synthesize glucose from CO2 H2S using light
  energy
• 6CO2 12H2S g C6H12O6 6H2O 12S

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Green Sulfur Bacteria

• 1. Lower level, smaller than purple sulfur
  bacteria
• 2. Usually deposit sulfur externally
• 3. Chlorobium sp

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Purple Sulfur Bacteria

• 1. Upper level, larger than green sulfur bacteria
  
• 2. Deposit sulfur internally
• 3. Thiocapsa sp

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Anaerobic Photoheterotrophs

• 1. Purple nonsulfur bacteria, synthesize cellular
  compounds from organic acids using light
• 2. Rhodopseudomonas, Rhodospirillum,
  Rhodomicrobium genera
• 3. Intolerant of H2S, so found above green
  purple sulfur bacteria
• 4. Intolerant of O2, so when cyanobacteria
  oxygenate water column

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Aerobic Chemoautotrophs

• 1. Sulfur oxidizing bacteria
• 2. Oxidize H2S to SO4-2 for energy
• 3. Synthesize cellular compounds from CO2
• 4. Soil aerobic chemoautotrophs oxidize NH4 to
  NO3-

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Aerobic Photoautotrophs

• 1. Cyanobacteria synthesize glucose from CO2
  H2O using light energy
• 2. Like plants algae, but no chloroplasts
• 3. Only oxygen producing bacteria

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Aerobic Photoheterotrophs

• 1. Sheathed bacteria synthesize cellular
  compounds from organic compounds
• 2. Sheath- rigid tube of protein, polysaccharide,
  lipid
• 3. Fe(OH)3 gives yellow to rusty color
• 4. Sheath surrounds chain of bacteria, bacterium
  swim free to form new colonies

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Winogradsky Column

• - How much
• electricity?

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Bacterial Reproduction

• 1. Asexual binary fission is the primary form
• 2. Single parent cell splits into two genetically
  identical sibling cells
• 3. Each new cell has an exact copy of the parent
  cells DNA
• 4. Conjugation, transformation, transduction
  also occur

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Binary Fission
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Conjugation- Transfer of DNA between two
temporarily joined cells

• 1. The cell donating DNA extends an external
  appendage, sex pili
• 2. Pili attaches to the cell receiving DNA
• 3. A cytoplasmic bridge forms the DNA is
  transferred
• 4. Pili is withdrawn

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Archaea

• 1. Ancient or archive bacteria
• a. Methanogens- methane producing
• Methanococcus voltae
• b. Halophiles- Extreme
• saline loving
• c. Thermophiles- Extreme heat
• loving
• d. Cryophiles- cold loving

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Eubacteria- Main groups

• 1. Decomposers- recycle nutrients in ecosystems
• 2. N2 fixers- convert atmospheric nitrogen, N2,
  to nitrate, NO3-, which plants use to for
  metabolism to make amino acids

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Eubacteria- Main groups

• 3. Pathnogens- cause disease, 10 of eubacteria
• 4. Primary producers- cyanobacteria (formerly
  blue-green algae) found in lakes, ponds,
  tropical oceans. Spiralina sp.

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Dogs

• - How clean are
• their mouths?

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Monera Website

• http//www.bact.wisc.edu/Bact303/
• MajorGroupsOfProkaryotes

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